Philosophy Midterm Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Midterm EssayPrinciple of non- indefinite Regression everything has an end up (Teleoloqy) Nemo dat quod non habet nobody can give what it does not possess nature is never frustrated intellect is destined to know tota anima in toto corpore the whole someone is in the whole body ex entre non fit ens nothing becomes what is already is the effect cannot be greater than the cause nothing is in the intellect which does not pass through the senses the separated soul can no longer use abstract concepts to remember or to tenableness Midieval Philosophy. The problem on which ism became stranded (the existence and nature of God and his relationship with the world. ) The spirituality and immortality of the soul, the notion of the obligation and of moral sanction are given clear responses in Christian revelation. The problems of reconciling these two sources arouse (faith and reason). Some of these men are 1. St. Augustine he wrote about 232 books in which are cont ained Philosophical definitions which testify to the depth and universality of his genius. his ism are more or less adhered to that of Plato which, to him, seemed the most suitable for Christianity. Fundamental Principles The Divine Truth is the unique and perfect cost which is immediately explicative of all beings in its different modalities of nature and of action. Augustine establishes the existence of God, the source of all truth, through philosophical truths. 2. St Anselm and Peter Abelard For St. Anselm Famous Formula Credo ut intellicam I believe that I may have a full understanding. God means the most perfect being that can be thought of. Therefore, God mustiness exist, otherwise he would not be the most perfect conceivable being. For Peter AbelardAbelard was a brilliant master of dialectics and ethics. He stress fully the value of human beings reason in investigating the divine or revealed truth. 3. St. Albert the Great Albert began Aristotles Christianization. Albert performed a twofold function of revealing the greatness of Aristotle. 4. St. Thomas Aquinas Thomistic philosophy (Thomism) is fundamentally, the philosophy of good sense. It is both Universal and Catholic. Lacordaire stated that Thomas was a lighthouse and not a milestone. He acheived the title of Angelic Doctor and named as signal of Students.In him, there is not found thelhowght of man alone but the voice of the truth common to all men, and the most beautiful reflection of the Uncreated shadowy of the word God, who enlightens every man coming into this world. Five ways to prove the existence of God 1. Argument of Motion God is the Prime Mover. 2. Argument from economic Causes God is the uncaused cause. 3. Argument from Possibility and Necessity (Reductio Argument) God is the alpha and omega. 4. Argument of Gradation of Being God as the supreme being. 5. Argument of intention God designed everything. MODERN PHILOSOPHY.Modern thinkers want to use pure reason in their investiga tions. Between there is an intercovering period called RENAISSANCE (16th C. ) This period was label by the rise of many a(prenominal) philosophers each claiming to by the right philosophy (individualism). This was critisim among philosophers. Renaissance brought top light a new science and also renew interest in the arts and letters. In the 17th century, the philosophical field was almost free and this fact explains tge rapid advance of ideas of FRANCIS BACON and of Rene Descartes, the initiators of Modern Philosophy.FRANCIS BACON father of modern font philosophy (empiricists). Empiricists rely on scientific manner to determine the truth. He employed the inductive system. He rejects the deduction and syllogistoc reasoning as an unscientific method and affirms induction as the only useful instrument for the philosophers. RENE DESCSRTES another father of modern philosiphy (rationalist). Rationalists use reason to determine the truth. He tries to establish a method for philosoph ers to discover the truth. Four Stages 1. Adoption of Universal Doubt.Doubt about everything. 2. Cogbito erg Sum Cannot doubt self existence. 3. Clear Ideas of d Supreme Interior Thinking must be certain. 4. Establishment of Rules of the Universal Method Four rules of universal method necessary in construction a universal science. IMMANUEL KANT an empiricists. He accepts that human reason cannot know reality because it is NOUMENON. Kant abandons empiricism in favor of rationalism. Philosophy and ethics is the central part of his philosophy. He also believes in the Categorical Imperitive. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY.It is believed that contemporary philosophy appeared as a direct, indirect or concomitant reaction against idealism. Important Philosiphical Systems in the Contemporary Age 1. Voluntarism If theres a will, theres a way. 2. Radical Christian Fideism To acheive faith 3. Institution There are certain things that are vital to the society. 4. Phenomenology Dwell on certain proces ses to arrive at a reality. 5. Extentialism pose many reflections sysipus means existential philosophy 6. Materialism 7. Positivism 8. Structuralism SOREN KIERKEGARD an existentialist. He believed in the leap of faith.The authentic existing individual is a Christiana. FRIEDRICH NEITZCHE an atheists. Neitzches philosophy is innate(p) out the will to live. The religious ideal is unacceptable because God is dead. Gods death gives way to rise of the Superman who is not subject to the ordinary laws of morality because he creates his own values. He says atheism is the only alternative to the death of God. EDMUND HUSSERL father of phenomenology. Three steps of the phenomenology method 1. Epoche 2. Eidetic Reduction 3. Transcendental Reduction Eidos is the inwardness of being in everything.

Too Much Medication Essay Example for Free

Too Much Medication EssayOne Source Cited On 9 February 2007 The Boston Globe presented an open example of partiality in its presentation of an overdose of mind-blowing drugs leading to the death of 4-year-old Rebecca Riley. Consequently, this sparked debates about whether health officials should consider urgently to establish the advantages of treating children with psychotropic drugs, and the base hit measures that go along with their use. From top to bottom, the text questions the dangers of over-medicating children who show signs of potential rational disorders the age at which children should start the prescribed medication assessment of children after psychotropic medication treatment and the responsibility of doctors to evaluate the ability of parents to oversee these potentially fatal drugs (The Boston Globe). For the purposes of this essay, I am forced to agree that health officials should press urgently to determine the advantages of treating children with psychotr opic drugs, and the cautions that must accompany their use. The research I found on this topic appear to support the idea that animated discussion and consideration about pharmacotherapy is vital for future directions of treating children with these medications. According to Hyman (2006) there are far more difficulties in determining the risks and benefits of psychotropic drugs in children. thither is also less information known about mental disorders in children than in adults and numerous drugs generate not been sufficiently tested in children, peculiarly because their brains are still developing.In addition, there is even less data about the safety and efficacy of antidepressants in children (Hyman 2006). In actual fact, Hyman (2006) states that these drugs are beingness used even in the absence of data. That is why I strongly argue in favour of the need for more clinical research involving children, to happen upon the potential risk-benefits of psychopharmacology. It is the responsibility of caregivers to diagnose manage and be commited to training in this area.Therefore we need to find out whether the approaches of these drugs are beneficial and safe for children. Furthermore, we have to think about a greater goal and a more practical way to enhance the quality of life for children showing signs of possible mental disorders. What we need to do is patch-up the treatment gaps and incorporate an effective monitoring system which allows health professionals to liaison with schools, other professionals and agencies.In doing so, we may improve diagnostics, treatment and run through services and possibly even avoid the recurrence of over-medication?ReferencesThe Boston Globe http//www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2007/02/09/too_much_medication/ Hyman, S.E. (2006). Improving our brains? Electronic Version. Biosocieties, 1, 103-111. Retrieved 16 February 2007 from http//journals.cambridge.org/action/loginjsessionid=36ED98BDE889 3D2A30D1BEED7CE0AD3C.tomcat1

The Individual, Society and Change Essay Example for Free

The Individual, Society and Change EssayOver the years, spate get under ones skin always been motivated to take action and make a change in the society because of many different factors such as pain, desire to be better person, bad conditions of life or habits. And all of these desires can become true by the motivation, constant, and continued efforts to change this society that could be better without inequity. but sometimes, through small modifications great changes can be madeNora Neale Hurston in her essay How it Feels to be Colored Me talks about her childhood experience to emit the pride on her individuality. Instead of trying to talk about racial inequality, talks about her uniqueness and how she was not affected by racist comments of livid people. Thus, she attempts to transmit the fact of not changing the identity and personality of black people (or of other(a) races) but try to modify the behavior of people of other races towards comments at this time.To achieve her objective of changing peoples mind, there are several passages in the text that reveal her positivity and optimism. For example, she mentions that there was always someone reminding her that she was the granddaughter of slaves (Cooley, 157). hardly this did not make her feel angry or demoralize, since slavery, she says, was the price that their ancestors had to pay to get to civilization (157). She also mentions, I am Merely a break apart of the Great Soul that surges within the boundaries (Cooley 157), meaning that the fact of being of saturation, did not define an individuals personality or who they were, because every person were some other human being. She goes on to say Sometimes, I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me (Cooley 157), meaning that no one should care about peoples opinin.Those three passages are great examples of how Nora Neale tried to change other black or other raced people behavior define each person by t heir identity, not by others thoughts or comments. And this is where best describes each person is as it is we all have our strengths and weaknesses because of our disposition and not the color or race.To conclude, people know when a change is needed, and they will do it because they wont accept to live in a society that could be better. They will do it because they want a better future for them their children and the population that is round them. And that is what Hurston made with how it feels to be colored me she changed the attitude of angry or depressed people of other races about racist comments. And she also made racist people see that individuals of other races where also people which were defined by their character and personality, and not by their origin or ethnicity.

Illiteracy Rate Of Mozambique At A Glance Education Essay

analphabetism Rate Of Mozambique At A Glance grooming canvassThe purpose of our research is to have a unwrap understanding some the condition of analphabetism in Mozambique such as the reasons of high illiteracy respect in Mozambique, gender issues and solutions to snub illiteracy. Illiteracy is defined as the condition of being un subject to read and write. Our atomic number 18a of study is focused on Mozambique which is bingle of the realm of riddle Billion. We too hope to raise the aw atomic number 18ness among solely nations ab by the importance of discipline through this research.The sampling method we used end-to-end this research is purposive sampling and s immediatelyball sampling. We have sent out our questionnaire which consists of 9 questions to 30 respondents who came from Mozambique. They are all full time students resident in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). Each of them is given 15 minutes to answer the questions. Our research is a small scale s tudy which concent posts only on Mozambican students in UTP.From our research, we free-base out that most of the respondents grade illiteracy calculate as average. Besides, the main reason behind the high illiteracy straddle in Mozambique is referable to scrimpy budgets. Female has higher illiteracy rate than male is because of the cultural background of Mozambique. Introducing more high quality teachers and provide enough facilities are among the effective solutions to reduce illiteracy rate, as declared by our respondents.In conclusion, the Mozambique political sympathies should revise their current plan in reducing the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Besides, the organization should also compromise and founder strategies with international communities to contain enough funds for education facilities and magnanimous literacy programs, so that e real Mozambicans can gain access to primary education.The limitations of our research are that our s portion out of study is narr ow and it does not represent the overall opinions of every Mozambicans. Thus, the research is encouraged to be carried out outside UTP with a larger group of respondents involved, so that the data obtained is more reliable. The time allocated to complete this research should be increased too, in order to intensify our understandings and researches on the illiteracy in Mozambique.CONTENTSAbstract pg.2Chapter 1 Introduction .. pg.4 5Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Mozambique (Country Context) ... pg.62.2 History of Literacy in Mozambique .. pg.6 72.3 Statistics of Illiteracy in Mozambique ..... pg.7 82.4 Structure of the current educational organisation... pg.82.5 Reasons, solutions and consequences regarding illiteracy pg.9 10 Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 Overview pg.113.2 Population/Sample pg.113.3 Location .. pg.113.4 Limitation pg.11-123.5 Sampling technique .. pg.123.6 result pg.123.7 Materials . pg.133.8 Statistical discussion . pg.13Chapter 4 Results . pg.14 18Chapter 5 Discussion5.1 Reason behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique pg.195.2 Effects of illiteracy .. pg.205.3 Illiteracy rate among women and men in Mozambique pg.205.4 Solutions to overcome illiteracy in Mozambique pg.20 215.5 The role of the international partnership.. pg.215.6 Limitations and Recommendation pg.22Chapter 6 Conclusion pg.23References .. pg.24 25 addendumSample Questionnaire . pg.26 27Chapter 1 IntroductionOur group has decided to study the issue of illiteracy which still exists, in fact, getting more serious for the target Billion. Based on Oxford dictionary, illiteracy is defined as the condition of being unable to read and write. It can be further explained as the ignorance resulting from not reading. The Bottom Billion refers to those people living in impoverished countries which fail to progress, despite international aid and support. Collier (2007) points out that the majorities of the 5-billion people in the developing in the public eye(predicat e) are getting richer at an unprecedented rate, however, a group of countries, where mostly in Africa and Central Asia, are stuck and that development care should be focused firmly on them. In this context, the conflict of illiteracy is rather important and need to be resolved immediately.Our area of study is focused on Mozambique. Mozambique situated in south eastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, with almost 17.5 million inhabitants living in an area of 801,590 km2. The countrys main economy is based on agriculture where more than 70% of the population live in rural areas and work principally in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. In All Africa (2011), Deputy Education attend Augusto Jone pointed out that the illiteracy rate was 60.5% when the First Literacy and Adult Education Strategy were approved in 2005, however in between 2005 and 2010 the rate was cut to 48.1%. Besides, reciprocal ohm African Press Association (2007) stated, Ernesto Muianga, the nati onal director of adult education in the ministry of education and culture said illiteracy level in the country is still low where only seven out of 100 Mozambicans could read and write. Melo (n.d.) mentioned that Mozambique is still lack of schools and teachers to guarantee education for the nations youth after independence in 1975 where an estimated 60% of adults still cannot read and write, with the illiteracy rate higher among women. These studies focused on the illiteracy rate in Mozambique which has fluctuated.Our research paper is to get a better understanding and to investigate the condition of illiteracy in Mozambique. The increasing interest in the issue of illiteracy has heightened the need for education as a necessary element of development and fundamental human right. An educated population is essential to national development. Education is considered a key factor in promoting genial comfortably-being and in poverty reduction because it can have a positive impact on na tional productivity. This investigation hopes to create awareness among all nations so that the development of a country and human civilization is not neglected due to scant(predicate) education.Our research paper hopes to answer the following questionsWhat are the reasons behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique?What are the effects of illiteracy?Why is the illiteracy rate among women higher than men in Mozambique?What are the solutions to overcome illiteracy in Mozambique?How effective is the role of the international friendship in supporting to improve the situation?We hope our research paper is able to answer these questions. To complete this task, interview has been used as methodology. Our respondents are the Mozambiques students studying in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) so that we can obtain the information directly. Our numbers of respondents are evaluate to be around 30.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Mozambique (Country Context)Mozambique, with almost 17.5 mi llion inhabitants living in an area of approximately 801590 km2, has the highest population among the former Portuguese African colonized country. (Mario Nandja, 2005) The main economy of Mozambique is depends on agriculture. Thus, most of the Mozambicans live in rural areas which make up of 70% of total population. They work mainly in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. According to the World Bank (2011), Mozambique also have large share of youth population with well-nigh 44 per-cent of population is younger than 15 years old. subsequently independence from colonization of Portugal for about 470 years in 1975, Mozambique was left with a very high illiteracy rate among adults with the illiteracy rate of about 93%. According to USAID (2009), an estimated of 60% of adult is still unable to read and write in 2009 where the rate decrease for about 33% with higher illiteracy rate among female.2.2 History of Literacy in MozambiqueDuring the colonial period, formal education in Mozambi que was provided by Koranic schools in Muslim towns. In 1907, education is conducted in Portuguese and some other native rows, where schools and textbooks were subjected to administration approval. The class of Assimilados was firstly introduced in 1927 which separates Africans who possess a fluent command of Portuguese. In 1930, the education system has deliberateed an measurement of 47 elementary schools with 11217 students, 186 rudimentary schools where basic Portuguese were taught to just fewer than 30000 Africans and one sary school in the capital of Mozambique. (Wikipedia, 2012)Unfortunately, in the Mozambique Civil struggle (1977-1992) after the national independence from Portugal in 1975, schools were a particular target of Renamo attacks which causes the literacy rate decreases from 20% in 1983 to 14% in 1990. According to Mario and Nandja (2005), this first flesh of education, from 1975 until the mid-1980, has recognized the importance of education as one of the mai n element of the national education. Mario and Nandja states thatThis phase was marked by a dynamic and multifaceted transit in which the people were mobilized in national reconstruction tasks, forging national unity and affirming their Mozambican identity. Accordinglya number of nationwide adult literacy and education campaigns were conducteda series of planned and delayd adult education and training schemes involving particular enterprises, communities and social sectors considered strategic for the social and economic development of the country were launched.From mid-1980s until 1995, the second phase of education in Mozambique went on and was marked by a substantial reduction in adult literacy and education activities owning to the escalation in the destabilization war. When internal Adult Education Department was disbanded, this phase ended where their activities were interpreted over by National Basic Education Department. The third and as well as the last phase began in 19 95 and is still going on that it can be as a process of rediscovery and rescue of adult literacy and education. In 1998, united Nations has estimated a literacy rate of 40% in Mozambique, where the literacy rate among women was almost half of the men.2.3 Statistics of Illiteracy in MozambiqueAccording to get together Nations Educational, Scientific, and ethnical Organization (2012), the adult literacy rate of Mozambique in 2009 is 55.06% out of the total population of people aged greater than 15 years old. For Malaysia, the adult literacy rate in 2009 is 92.46%. The difference between the devil countries is about 37.4%. The youth literacy rate of Mozambique in 2009 is 70.87% whereas for Malaysia is about 98.55% (Index Mundi, n.d.). The difference is approximately 27.7 % which is 10% less than the difference for adult literacy rate. The rate of youth literacy is higher than the adult literacy for both countries. Similarly, CIA World Factbook (2009) stated that the literacy rate of Mozambique is 47.8%. If compared with worlds highest literacy rate countries such as Andorra, Finland, Georgia, Greenland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway and Vatican City which have 100% rate of literacy, Mozambique is about 52.2% lesser. Mozambique is ranked as 199 out of 213 countries for the world literacy rate. (CIA World Factbook, 2009)Women have high illiteracy rate if compared with men in Mozambique. According to the data published by the National Institute of Statistics in 2004, the illiteracy rate for female is 69% whereas male with 38% of illiteracy rate only. However, Millennium Development Goals (2010) as cited in United Nations Development class (n.d.), reported that the illiteracy rate of female has decreased as time goes, with about 66.2% in 2004 and dropped to 56% in 2009 after the launching of the literacy programmes. It also stated that the female literacy rate in rural areas is 31.3% while in urban is 70.1%4. Structure of the current educational systemCurrent ly, at that place are several policies in Mozambique that govern the education system. Among them, the most noticeable are the Republic of Mozambique, which states that every citizen has the rights to receive education and education consists of a means of achieving national unity, eradicating illiteracy, mastering comprehension and technology and providing citizens with moral and civil values. The 1990 Constitution enshrines modernized the National Education System (SNE), bringing it into line with the new economic and political model. Besides, the eagerness of government and society in reducing the illiteracy rate due to the awareness towards the importance of education in the development of the country is further highlighted through the carrying out of Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty (PARPA) which defined literacy and adult education as primary goals in education programme from 2001 to 2005 as well as the National Strategy for Adult Literacy and Education and for Non-Formal Education (AEA/ENF) to eradicate illiteracy. The purposes and objectives of Education For All (EFA). (Mario and Nandja, 2005)2.5 Reasons, solutions and consequences regarding illiteracyAccording to Mario and Nandja (2005), the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique is because most of the population does not have an adequate and full command of Portuguese, the countrys official language after the colonization of Portugal. Despite the governments intention to increase accompaniment budget for education, the amount rather remained the same without much significant difference. It is undeniable that the country has developed since its civil war but ineffective policies, government mismanagement and prolonged drought have haunted its economy. Mozambiques annual budget depends much on foreign assistance and a large of the population lives under utmost(a) condition. As mentioned by Linden and Rungo (2004), due to insufficient budget, the condition during look outing is consi dered bad. The students face an amount of problems, such as lack of information, lack of classrooms and learning materials and inconvenient timetables. Lessons under a tree or in buildings of weak construction are common. These results in some of them have negative attitude towards the path of learning. Well, fit to de Melo (n.d.), the reason behind the high illiteracy rate is mainly due to the legacy of colonialism and 16-year civil war.Also, in this context, gender inequality plays vital role in contributing to the high rate of illiteracy. Mario, Nandja (2006), and Linden, Rungo (2004) highlighted the effect of unequal gender opportunities towards this issue. Linden mentioned that women seemed to be more interested in programmes specialized to enhance their lives and well-being of their families. Cultural background also affects significantly, where many women dropped out as they were kept at home when family members need care or the family ran out of money. There are also cases where men do not allow their wives to attend classes. They smack that womens responsibilities are to stay at home, handling chores and it is pointless or rather ridiculous for them to learn new knowledge. To most of them, they assumed that wives must not be smarter than their husbands because if they do, they result start to disobey and become disobedient, opposing the usual cultural background.After all, due to the high illiteracy rate, there a lot of measures that has been done in order to control and rectify this problem. de Melo (n.d.) told us thatactually, IBIS has been working on 2 programmes, Education for Change in Rural Communities (ECRC) and a Governance programme. In ECRC, it is known that this intervention aimed to upgrade teachers training in the poorest move of the countryside besides ensure better educational methods in the classroom with improved teaching materials. The main objective of ECRC is to introduce new concepts that underpin and inspire the reformations of Mozambican education.On the other hand, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has employed a food security strategy which provides rural Mozambicans knowledge to be used to increase their incomes. To reduce the consequences brought by illiteracy, USAID recognized this problem by providing funds to literacy instructors in 10 specified rural districts to supplement the governments struggling literacy program. In addition, the Ministry of Education of Mozambique is expanding its adult literacy program and now are able to incorporate the USAID-funded instructors into its payroll. (USAID, 2009)Community, school and technology are the three fundamental components in order to improve literacy. As globalisation occurs, Karchmer, Mallette, Soteriou and Donald (2005) strongly agree the importance of ICTs as the central technology for eradicating illiteracy. Hargreaves (1994), as cited by Glover and Law (2002), stated that the teaching force should be trained and retrai ned in order to cope with the demands of a national agenda for school improvement. Self-evaluation is also important in modify literacy rate. Education system in a country should aware about the initiative to develop a more effective planning processes, monitoring and evaluating techniques.Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 OverviewThis chapter would focus on the methodology that was employed to enable the aggregation of data from the respondents points of view regarding the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Our task is to give out questionnaires to find out whether the causes, effects and solutions that we had listed out in the last(prenominal) chapters were concord by our Mozambican respondents. These questionnaires were hence compiled and the information obtained were analysed and interpreted.3.2 Population/SampleTo conduct our research to find out more about the illiteracy rate in Mozambique, 30 individuals which were full-time students at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) were random ly selected to answer the questionnaires, we had prepared beforehand. Our respondents were fellow students of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), who came from Mozambique to further their studies in our country. They were from different courses, programmes and social background.3.3 LocationOur location for the research was in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). The campus is built on a 400-hectare (1,000 acre) site strategically located at Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. All of our respondents lived inside the campus. Majority of our respondents lived in resolution 2, while some lived in Village 1, Village 5 and Village 6.3.4 LimitationThere were some of the limiting conditions that affected the accuracy of our research paper. For example, there were restrain Mozambican students in our university to be respondents which mean we could not get sufficient information in details from that country. In addition, we had to search for them in order to have the quest ionnaire session because of the limited Mozambican students in our university. Besides, there were some conditions where the Mozambican students were reluctant to collaborate to carry out the research where most probably were due to their heavy language accent and some miscommunication.3.5 Sampling TechniqueThe sampling techniques that we used were snowball sampling and purposive sampling. Using the snowballing technique, we found a group of Mozambican students to reach our target of 30 respondents by contacting some of our Mozambican friends. This technique helped us to obtain the information easily and precisely by approaching the Mozambican community in our University. The Mozambican community in our University are definitely literate and is able to aid in our research.3.6 ProcedureThe questionnaires were based on the respondents opinions on aspects think to the research, multiple choice questions were provided. Firstly, we contacted our Mozambican friends and went to their room to conduct the research. The Mozambican friends were helpful to bring us to meet the others Mozambican students in UTP and some even gave us their friends contacts for us to approach them. Mostly, we met them at their place of living and some in front of the market in UTP. We had also borrowed a car to reach Village 6 to approach the respondents there. All respondents were given fifteen minutes to complete the questionnaires on the spot. We had explained the questions in the questionnaire to those who didnt understand and assisted them while answering to complete the research. After the time limit, we collected the questionnaires back and thanked them for their co-operation. The collected quantitative data was analysed and illustrated in tables, bar graphs and pie charts as in the results section.3.7 MaterialsWe decided to use a quantitative method, instead of qualitative to obtain our results in regarding to the topic of research. We prepared a set of questions with 9 questions fo r them to fill up with multiple choice questions provided. Besides, we also provided a mark scale from very poor to excellent, from low to high or from strongly disagree to strongly agree, to ease the respondents answers and feedback. (Refer sample of questionnaire in Appendix 1)3.8 Statistical TreatmentAfter we obtained the results or questionnaires from the respondents, we compiled the questionnaires according to the answers they had done. After that, we compared each questions and the answers in one questionnaire with the others. With different responses from the respondents, the data were able to compile effectively and efficiently. The answers from the 30 respondents are cipher and converted into percentages. Then, we substituted the information obtained into pie chart and bar chart form for easier analysis. Lastly, the statistics obtained from our results are interpreted and further discussed in the discussion section.Chapter 4 Results depend 4.1 Illiteracy rate in Mozambiqu eAccording to the column chart in a higher place, most of the respondents consider that the illiteracy rate in Mozambique is neither high nor low. learn 4.2 Reasons for higher illiteracy rate in female than in maleAccording to the pie chart above, cultural background is the main reason behind the high illiteracy rate among female.Figure 4.3 What illiterate affect the mostAccording to the pie chart above, illiterate affects employment prospects the most.Figure 4.4 Reasons for the high illiteracy rate in MozambiqueAccording to the pie chart above, insufficient budget is the main reason behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique.Figure 4.5 International community in helping to reduce illiteracy rate in MozambiqueFrom the column chart above, most of the respondents disagree that international community is helping in reducing illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Besides, the statistics above also intends that the percentage of respondents grade it as Average and Agree are the same.Figur e 4.6 Education system in MozambiqueAccording to the column chart, most of the respondents feel that the education system in Mozambique is considered average.Figure 4.7 Public awareness towards education in MozambiqueAs shown in the column chart above, most of our respondents grade the public awareness in Mozambique towards education as average whereas none of them grade it as very poor.Figure 4.8 Effort of government in reducing illiteracy rate in MozambiqueFrom the column chart above, most of the Mozambicans grade the effort of government in reducing illiteracy as average whereas only 10% of respondents grade it as very poor.Figure 4.9 Ways to reduce illiteracy rate in MozambiqueAccording to the pie chart above, high quality teachers and sufficient facilities show the highest percentage proportion in the ways to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mozambique.Chapter 5 DiscussionIn this chapter, the quantitative results are discussed with the support of past research. Similarities and di fferences between the results and our literature review are explained logically and concluded for a more comprehensive discussion. The aim of this discussion is to investigate the reasons, consequences, solutions and the role of international community in regarding the illiteracy in Mozambique.5.1 Reason behind the high illiteracy rate in MozambiqueIn Figure 4.1, 33.67% of the respondents think that the illiteracy rate in Mozambique is considered average, where in fact the adult literacy rate of Mozambique in 2009 is 55.06% which is at a place of 199 out of 233 countries. The illiteracy rate is still most likely to be high, as approximately half of the Mozambican community is illiterate. In our study, there are only about 13.33% of our respondents considered the illiteracy rate in Mozambique as very high. None of them chose very low while grading the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. This is contradicting to our literature review which is possibly due to the low public awareness, speci fically from the respondents.Furthermore, it was found out that the major reasons that contribute the most to the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique is due to insufficient budget where 40% of the respondents supported as shown in Figure 4.4. After the independence of Mozambique from Portugal in 1975, surviving from the colonization era and the Mozambique Civil War which happened from 1977 to 1992, these probably result to insufficient budget and then the abandonment of education. Linden and Rungo (2004) mentioned too that, due to insufficient budget, the condition during learning is considered bad. The students face an amount of problems in the learning process which further results to the unresolved illiteracy problem in Mozambique.The education system in Mozambique is a catalyst to improve literacy rate. In Figure 4.6, 40% of our respondents rate the current education system in Mozambique as average. Several policies in Mozambique that govern the education system are not noticeabl e, which indirectly causes the low level of respond from the Mozambican community. To bring home the bacon Education for All (EFA), a good education system provides a strong basis to attract the awareness of all Mozambicans, and to eradicate illiteracy.5.2 Effects of illiteracyFigure 4.2 shows 46.67% of our respondents feel that illiteracy affects employment prospects the most. The respondents realize that being literate and armed with knowledge are able to guarantee a job with brilliant aspects. In addition, the current condition in Mozambique depends mostly on agriculture, forestry and fishery as their main source of income. Mozambicans have to go by leaps and bounds to develop an advanced country, by exploring industries that require high qualifications and education, where literacy plays a pivotal role in increasing chances of employment prospects. Only 10% of them think that illiteracy will affect family life. This low value is likely to show that the awareness of education i s still low. They may feel that they have adapted themselves perfectly in the handed-down way, ignoring the importance of literacy and progressing.5.3 Illiteracy rate among women and men in MozambiqueBased on Figure 4.2, 56.67% of the respondents stated that illiteracy rate among women is higher than men because of cultural background. It has been a tradition that males are the leader and also the sole bread winner of the family, whereas females should stay at home to do the house chores and nurture their children at home. Females are always prohibited from learning due to cultural purposes that causes the significant lower illiteracy rate among females. There are also possibilities that the programmes offered by the schools are mainly favouring the male students. Women seem to be more interested in programmes designed to improve their lives and the well-being of their families as stated by Mario and Nandja (2005).5.4 Solutions to overcome illiteracy in MozambiqueWe found out that both introducing more high quality teachers and providing enough facilities for education show the highest percentage (30%) in reducing the illiteracy rate in Mozambique as in Figure 4.9. This is due to the reason that there are still lacks of sufficient teachers in school especially in rural areas. Besides, there are also insufficient classroom where the children have to learn under extreme conditions in Mozambique. Thus, most of the respondents may think that both of the ways above are the solution to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mozambique.As shown in Figure 4.7, most of the respondents grade the public awareness towards education among the Mozambicans as average with 40%. This is more likely to happen because of the less effectiveness of the campaign carried out which only stress on the importance of education to part of the Mozambique nation and also yet being practiced thoroughly. It is clearly to be seen that the public awareness towards education should be increased and me asures have to be taken drastically to resolve this issue.Furthermore, as stated in Figure 4.8, 33.33% of our respondents grade the effort of the government in improving the literacy rate as average. It is possible that parts of the Mozambican do not recognize the policies introduced by government in reducing the illiteracy rate. Moreover, it is more likely that some of the respondents may think that the government did not increase the funds for adult literacy and education programmes. Besides , the plans in improving the education are not translated into action.5.5 The role of the international communityFrom Figure 4.5, it shows that most of our respondents (30%) do not think that the international community is helping in reducing the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Only 6.67% of them agree that help has been provided. There are contradictions as United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has employed a food security with the purpose of increasing the Mozambicans inc omes. Besides, financial assistance is also provided with literacy instructors in 10 specified rural districts are given funds. The existence of contradictions most probably results from the lack of awareness towards this issue in improving literacy.5.6 Limitations and RecommendationsThe result of the research is considered reliable. However, there are som

Remix Culture and Postmodernism | Essay

Remix Culture and Post modernness EssayThe identity of our society fluxes continually with time change- as was noted by Greek-free-thinker, Heraclitus- when he expressed the impossibility of one to jump into a p articular river more than once. This top of view about the dynamic nature of society act for long when philosophers became rather convinced that the onward drive of society hinged on immutable laws. Recently, the evolutionally nature of society is considered to be progressive and that it relents more or brusque on pastiche, parody, or self-aware appropriations through arts, philosophy and other homo-related-creativity that be projecting civil, modern, and modernized society into the post-modern era, arguably. This paper depart discuss Post-Modernism and how remix culture has unnatural or influenced it. Chances offered by discussed remix strategies to cultural and semipolitical critiques of post-modernism will also be considered.However, to appreciate the influence of remix-culture on post-modernism, it is appropriate to discussion the evolutionally path of post-modernism. Hence, the paper will address the topic using the approach.Evolution of Post-modernismBy the end of the 1970s, the inviteion began to be considered among French thinkers about the soar of society, and whether it was driven at all. There was the denier of the point that humans were still in the modern period which had been introduced by Enlightenment, two centuries back (Lash, Samuel and Friedman James. 1992). To this school of thought, modernization introduced a period of scientific thinking and competitive industrialization as well as the likelihood of nuclear battles, slavery and neo-colonialism, horror, racism, Euro-centralization, and immense hunger in third world countries. The legacies of Enlightenment were not especially friendly, then, the thinkers concluded (Anderson, Paul. 1998). It was better to consider the theories by which modernism stood as been harmful and terrible. Certainly, humankind had moved completely ahead of modernism into a post-modern age.Post-ModernismPost-modernism has been defined as a propensity in contemporary culture typified by rebuff of purposeful truth and worldwide traditional meta-narrative or accountability (Jameson, Fredrick. 1991). However, this definition cannot be relied on completely because it falls to identify completely with the wide bases of post-modernism which include response to the implicitly scientific nature, objectivity, and attempt to elucidate reality. The definition has also not complied with the position thatPostmodernism is used in critical theory to announce to a point of departure for proceeding of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in merchandise and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (Georg, Iggers. 1997).There is a complexity in finding a very reliable definition that sa tisfies completely the topic of post modernism, thitherfore, due to its much diversified nature as the majority of definitions on the topic are terribly vague and habitually incoherent to others. There is a further complexity in deep differentiation between modernism and post modernism since the both could be linked with intellectual movements and aesthetics which are common in literary arts and philosophy.modernity and post-modernity have tended to be used to refer to changes in social and economic institutions (Giddens, Amber. 1990).The context of knowledge of post-modernism, and how it is affected by remix-cultures, will be limited in this paper to two distinct examples arts and philosophy. This is imperative to limit the discussion to the question as well as to avoid perplexity.ArtIn consideration of post-modern art, it is proper to state that this is a little more than sculptural and paint art. Post-modern art also involves architectural, harmonyal, dramatic, and literary art s with a major undefined meaning and depth. It is characterized by content and form diversity. Thus, art critics have based their critic of post-modern art on the characteristic of its vagueness. For example, Callinicos argued multidimensional and slippery space of post-modernism where anything goes with anything, like a game without rules. Floating images maintain no relationship with anything at all, and meaning becomes detachable like the keys on a key ring. Dissociated and decontextualized, they slide past one another failing to link up into a coherent sequence. Their fluctuating but not reciprocal interactions are unable to fix meaning (Callinicos, Awender. 1989).The ready acceptance to this critic is based on the non-specified emergent style of architectural works around us in the past few decades. Building architects seem to be entirely dependent on remix of the past works. Most of the most adored cities around us are actually product of rejuvenation by certain architects in a quest to gratify their proficient fantasies. A very interesting illustration of this is the London Docklands. Even in developing countries like Nigeria, in Africa, art has gone sure-enough(a) school and fashion, music and architecture has followed suite. Another critic saysUsing operatic arias to promote football matches, classical music to persuade us to fly a particular airline, watching Pavarotti in the Park there is no longer a distinction between high and popular culture anything goes with anything, like a game without rules (Layder, Dye. 1994).The medias increase and power, culturally, through films, television or advertisements has contributed immensely to the perception people have on society. Kumar is of the point of view that post-modernists consider the media slightly other than from the customary idea of a mere communication means. The present-day media, for them, is not quite a communicational device it is an entirely fresh environment for the present-day human- th e kind of environment were one is entirely engrossed to social epistemology. People can interact with computers for hours in total contempt of the company. Kumar concludesThe media have created a spick-and-span electronic reality, suffused with images and symbols, which has obliterated any sense of an objective reality behind the symbols In hyperreality it is no longer possible to distinguish the imaginary from the real (Kumar, Kanger. 1997).This viewpoint was first recognized by Baudrillard Jean who initiated the theory of reality as been an interchange of signs and ops in semantic acts through digital technology and electronic media for the usage of the viewer. The theory contended that in a situation as stated, there is a detachment of the subjects from the results of occurrences (including artistic, philosophical or personal) such that events loss identifiable perspective. He held to the shoot that a steady flow of forms and orientation that do not posses a direct effect a v iewer would certainly create a paste between an object, indiscernibly, and appearance, and would result, paradoxically, to holography of appearance.The lost of identity of works of art in our time results into parody in the sense that they utilize cynical approaches by imitating previous works of arts of earlier years. To some extent, this works are not meant to mock previous art works. However, they embedment in a description of pastiche, parody, or self-conscious is in all identified by the lost of originality in such works.Recently, the imitation of previous art pieces seems to by primarily accepted by national laws through the demarcation of copy rights. For example, it is believedFilm is a popular industry where a parody may be created. Iconic films that contain a parody of an original work include the Scary Movie series, which are spoofs of many top box office horror films and Spaceballs, which spoofs the George Lucas film Star Wars.Similarly, the tendency for parody in mus ic is overwhelming. Already, there is an existing market for parody music and it is growing rapidly.PhilosophyDuring the latter part of the 1960s, the US and Western Europe were caught up in political dilemma. Tendencies for significant political transformation in the year 1968 were obvious in the Western world consequent of movement such as the Chicano which sort for authoritative liberation for minors. In France, the fight was debatably rather severe. This resulted to weakening of the large s way which had previously been exercised by the gargantuan Communist Party (where a majority of scholars possess reasonable commitment). This disenchantment resulted to their detachment from political affairs and consequent disbelief in political theories like Marxism. Even though they had many discrepancies, they accepted the fact of a disconnected and plural nature identifiable with reality. They disagreed with human thoughts on the possibility to reach significant objective explanations o f reality. Ideologies or social theories that supported humankind activities as ways to express the order or progress of society were considered to be vain and without credibility, post-modernist argued. All that was done in time past is justly in the control of the informed against the non-informed.Implications of Remix Culture on Post-ModernismThe implication of remix culture on post-modernism is the lost of values and personal identity. In schools, originality is fast giving way to pastiche. Students are reluctant to learn or interact with society in traditional formats, except through digital machines- which they are heavily reliant on. Obvious, there is a dilemma hereConclusionThis paper takes a look at the evolutionally nature of society considered to be progressive and which relents on pastiche, parody, or self-conscious appropriations through arts, architecture, and other humankind-related-creativity which are projecting civil, modern, and modernized society into the post mo dern era. It has also discussed Post-Modernism and how remix culture has affected or influenced it.

Mental Health And Young People Social Work Essay

Mental Health And Young People Social Work EssayWhat is psychogenic easyness with new slew?Mental health can present itself in many different way such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. Mental disorders as suggested above may not however occur at times that could be a predictable reaction to a life changing event such as bereavement (Colman, 2006). A mental disorder is a pattern of psychological symptoms that may show a common foundation or recognisable pattern, that give negatively proceed important areas of functioning or significantly increase the risk of death (Colman, 2006).Many different reports urinate been researched for this essay and they suggest different ages for a young person therefore, this essay will suggest that a young person is aged between 12 and 18.This essay will concentrate on the flavour of self-harm in young people. Self-harm is an act which consists of deliberate injury or pain being inflicted to ones own body. Most commonly this takes the form of cutting however, some otherwise forms include burning, scratching, picking, scraping, biting and sometimes pulling hair or eyelashes out. Self-harm is frequently used as a release of emotions that cannot be spoken and can expand the individual the means to attempt to deal with distress (Babiker et al, 2001).Historical context of social work within the supporter/fieldTwenty years past there was an emphasis on joint workings however, this is not easy to strain due to organisational cultures and professional language barriers but research does show this to have better outcomes for young people and their families, this concept of joint work has continued through the last two decades (Southall, 2005).Government policy in recent years had support joint work and in any case occasionally placed statutory duty upon agencies to achieve it. These difficulties can be overcome by the Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF) 8 states the need to adapt to changing contexts and to operate effectively with in multi-agency settings. Within the Standards of Proficiency ( dowse) standard 9 depicts the abilities to work with others, including those in a different role. PCF 9 should be look at as to why these professionals found it difficult to make this transition as they should be responsible for their own learning and tuition which could have broken down the barriers between the different professionals.Is there continuity or has the social work field changed over time, and if so how and over what issue?For social workers, procedures changed to this difficult multi agency joint work, this placed higher demands upon the social workers who were not as highly trained as other agencies in mental health issues. Changes were made to the Mental Health Act 1983 in 2007 including Professional roles it is broadening the group of practitioners who can take on the functions currently performed by the sanction social worker and responsible medical officer.Consider the eth os of the social work field or service you are presentingThe ideas or ethos of mental health has changed vastly over the past two decades. Mental health is more open to the public as an illness that affects many people and does not make these people a definite threat to those around them.Social work has a significant role to play in coordinating efforts to support individuals and groups who may often have negative experiences and perceptions of mental health services.Social workers need to maintain a broader social view of mental health problems especially in visualize to concerns about discriminatory practices, civil rights and social justice this aspect is included in the PCF 2,3 and 4.In accordance to the PCF 5 social workers have the knowledge, training and knowledge that allows them to develop understanding and awareness of issues such as oppression, power and social exclusion and it has made social workers aware of their own abilities for oppression towards others.What is t he service substance abuser/carers view about the service you have chosen?What is the role of the social worker in providing the service?What is the role of the social worker in providing the service?Social workers have had a key role of providing an independent view in assessments.Providing critical perspective drawn from a range of social sciences has been preponderant to the training of social workers in the mental health services this complies with the PCF of knowledge and SoP 13 which also relates to knowledge and its use.Additional responsibilities will be apparent for social workers employed in a mental health trust such as care management and representation of social circumstances in mental health tribunals.Social work set is underpinned to promote social justice and challenge oppression, therefore social workers are in theory well placed to aid other mental health professionals working with service users and to collaborate on ways of recovery. These roles include the use of all of the PCF along with SoP 9, 11 and 13.How does current policy about the service (adults or shaverren and young people) impact on service delivery?The Childrens Act 1989, suggest that a child is considered to be at harm if there is impairment of health which includes mental health. The definition of a child in need is one that is unlikely to achieve a reasonable standard of health (mental) without the provision of services.The Health Act 1999 contains a extensive section on partnership with other authorities which suggests that the NHS will exercise their functions along with other authority bodies and they will co-operate with one another to secure and advance the health and welfare of people in England and Wales.The white study Modernising Social Services (1998) suggests the launch of the Quality Protects programme will transform the whole of the childrens social services. Improving protection with eight regional Commissions for Care Standards and working to national sta ndards.The white paper Modernising Health and Social Services-National Priorities Guidance (1998) commits to reducing waiting times for services along with contributing to the development of outreach teams. This paper also wants to increase and improve services for children and adolescents including early intervention and prevention programmes for children.What do you consider might be the future of the service/field?Modern practise

Media Violence Essay -- essays research papers

Does merriment influence societys attitude towards violent behavior? In order to fully answer this question we must first understand what violence is. Violence is the use of ones powers to inflict mental or physical impairment upon a nonher examples of this would be rape or murder. Violence in entertainment reaches the public by way of television, movies, plays, music, and novels. Through the course of this essay it will be proven that violence in entertainment is a major factor in the escalation of violence in society, once this is proven we will take both of the evidence that has been shown through come out of the closet this paper and come to a conclusion as to whether or not violence in entertainment is justified and whether or not it should be censored. Television with its far reaching influence spreads across the globe. Its most important role is that of reporting the news and maintaining communication between people virtually the world. Televisions most influential, yet m ost serious aspect is its shows for entertainment. Violent childrens shows like Mighty Morphing Power Rangers and adult shows like NYPD Blue and Homicide almost always wear out to show human beings being able to resolve their differences in a non-violent manner instead they show a reckless attitude that promotes violent proceeding first with reflection on the consequences later. Contemporary television creates a seemingly insatiable appetite for amusement of all kinds without regard for social or incorrupt benefits (Schultze 41). Findings over the past twenty years by three Surgeon Generals, the Attorney Generals Task Force on Family Violence, the American Medical Association, the National lay down of Mental Health, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and new(prenominal) medical authorities indicate that televised violence is harmful to all of us, barely particularly to the mental health of children (Medved 70-71). In 1989 the results of a five year study by the American Psychological Association indicated that the average child has witnessed 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on television by the time he or she has completed sixth grade. In further studies it was determined that by the time that corresponding child graduates from high school he or she will have spent 22,000 hours w... ...pIf the government ever did censor violent entertainment who knows where they would stop, or fifty-fifty if they would. Perhaps they would try to censor violent speech or try to censor the speech of those who disagreed with the actions of the government. The simple message is dont promote censorship, because it could easily get out of hand, and as the old saying goes the road to hell is paved with good intentions. There are then only two ways to get unloose of the violent entertainment in our lives we could shame those who make the violent movies, television shows, books, and plays, into having a social conscience, making them be less prone to creating violent entertainment or we could simply solve the problem ourselves, with a push of a button, or the turn of a page. Work Cited American Rifleman (1993). TV Violence Does it generate Real-Life Mayhem?Lamson, Susan R, 19-23, 30-50, 100-109 Greenhaven Press, (1992). Youth Violence. Leone, Bruno, 32-48. www.nccev.org/violence/statistics/statistics-media.html www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-1.2/Media.html www.health.org/govpubs/ms714.html www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/ september99/media_violence.html