Essay --

English 102Professor Su SuoccaiArnaud Fragniere19 February 2014The different aspects of the Grandmothers personality in A Good adult male Is Hard to Find In Flannery OConnors story A Good Man Is Hard to find, the author narrates the events as a leash person, centering it on the naan who decides to go with her whole family for a road trip from Georgia to Florida. The grandmother does not want to go to Florida. During the journey she selfishly and manipulatively forces the whole family to go see a plantation that she mistakenly think is on the way. This results in them having an accident and meeting the Misfit, an extremely violent shepherds crook who defies the beliefs that Christians progress to in the ability of Jesus to raise the dead. As the story develops, the Misfit and his accomplices kill all members of the family except for the grandmother, who up to her death, falsely tries to convince herself and the Misfit that he is a good man. At the end, the grandmother has a moment of grace. However, it proves unavailing as the Misfit, proceeds to kill her without remorse. Throughout the text we realize that the major character of the grandmothers personality is the fact that she considers herself as morally superior. This is based on her belief that she is a lady sophisticated, wealthy, overall better of a woman. In her eyes, this allows her to judge others. Not only does she see herself as superior, but she thinks that her faith along with her being a good Christian would save her from anything that could cross her path. We break up that she is also extremely selfish and manipulative for her, her life has much more value than anything else, including the life of her children and grandchildren. To unders... ...e times through the chest. The grandmothers selfishness and ability to evade people fails to help her during the biggest threat that she has to face through her entire existence her imminent death. Her inability to change the Misfits mi nd and manipulate him the way she wants cost her life. Oconnors story shows us an centenarian grandmother who considers her as a superior person being powerless against her antagonist in life. The Misfit, this criminal who doesnt believe there is real pleasure in life challenges everything the old lady might say or do in order to live. The old lady tries in vain to save her life using all the tools that she knows, even if she selfishly has to serve this purpose and letting her whole family get killed. The grandmother must abandon all of her manipulative self-absorption, her focus on class and her external show of Christianity.

Stephens Journey to Maturation in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young

Stephens Journey to Maturation in A Portrait of the operative as a Young Man by throng Joyce In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the author James Joyce uses the development of Stephen from a sensitive child to a rebellious young man to develop the plot of the novel. In this novel, Joyce suggests that through Stephens experiences with religion, sex and education, Stephen not whole becomes more mature but these experiences also inspire him to redefine his world and his understanding of his true feelings about art.Religion, besides the practical need for food and value is one of the most powerful drives in Stephens life. Religion serves as Stephens guidance and saviour yet it is also responsible for his tormented youth and distracting him from his artistic development. As a child growing up in a strict Catholic family, Stephen is raised to be a good Catholic boy who leave follow the teaching of Catholism as his guidance in his life. The severity of his family is shown whe n his mother tells him either to apologise (4) or the eagles will come and pull out his eyeball (4). Stephen is taught by his mother to be tolerant when she tells him not to speak with the rough boys in the college (5). Similarly, Stephens father also taught him a Catholic quality by apprisal Stephen never to peach on a fellow (6). Evidence of Stephen following the never to peach (6) quality is shown when Stephen agrees not to tell on Wells for pushing him into a ditch. However, as Stephen matures into his adolescence, religion becomes his savior rather than his guidance. As Stephens family condition declines, he sees priesthood as a way to escape poverty and shame. In fact, priesthood is an opportunity for Stephens individualised gain... ...lly as he can, using for his defence the only arms he allow himself to use - silence, exile, and cunning (226-269). By discussing how education affects Stephen from a child to a young man, Joyce has shown the reader Stephens development as an artist and human being. The novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is an autobiography of James Joyce who delivers the influential aspects in his life and his artistic development to the reader through the eyes of the fictional character of Stephen Dedalus. In the novel, Stephens journey to maturation and to become an artist is influenced by his religion, sexuality and education. Yet, Stephen is able to overcome the obstacles result from these aspects and experience his life to its fullest. Work Cited Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 1916. New York Penguin,1993.

Senior Trip :: essays research papers

On Wednesday, April 6th, I woke up from a deep sleep just like every other ordinary school day, but this fussy day was going to be much more fun I got to school around 715, dropped finish my luggage in the conference room, and went off to class. In my next 3 classes I waited excitedly until the enouncement was made for all seniors going on the Senior Trip to head down to the office. And this is where the great jaunt began. We all got on 2 busses and headed to the airport where we dropped off out luggage and got through security rather quick. Then we all anxiously waited for our two-dimensional to arrive. When the plane finally arrived we all got on board and before we knew it we were in Orlando Florida. The bus from there to Walt Disney World eventually arrived and within 30 minutes we were in our populate and getting ready to go to Downtown Disney for the first day.Downtown Disney was very king-size, with lots of stores, arcades, and restaurants. The arcade was free, which wa s very cool and convenient because I really didnt feel like paying for anything. Walking around this place was fun in itself, just seeing all the sites and seeing all the people. There were more good looking girls, everywhere One thing I will remember for a long time is Jason buying a very large cigar, and after his first puff Mrs. Vanderhoff rushing up to him and taking it away.MGM was a great common land. This park had the best rides out of them all, which include the Tower of Terror, and the Roller Coaster. The park was very nicely kept and was also fun just walking around. All of the rides had so much detail to them, even after going on them numerous times I still saw things I hadnt seen before. This was great because it made it just as interesting as the first time. The nights were constantly fun and entertaining. From phone calls from girls in other rooms, to Josh sleeping in the corner. Everything seemed to make it fun. Spying on the guard outside was fun, as well as jokin g about sneaking out and going into other peoples rooms. We didnt end up going to bed until very late or early.

Oppenheimer And The Atomic Bomb Essay -- essays research papers

Julius Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic BombJ. Robert Oppenheimer was a brilliant physicist and known as the Father of the Atomic Bomb. A charismatic leader of rare good qualities and commonplace flaws, Oppenheimer brought an uncommon sensibility to research, teaching, and government science. After help creating the atomic bomb with the Manhattan Project he was banned from the U.S. Government during the McCarthy Trials. He opposed the idea of stockpiling nuclear weapons and was deemed a security risk. Oppenheimers life reveals the appointment between war, science and how politics collided in the 1940s through the 1960s. His case became a cause "celebre" in the world of science because of its implications concerning political and moral issues relating to the affair of scientists in government. Oppenheimer, the son of German immigrants, who had made their fortune in textiles, had the resources available in his family to further his education at a young time. At age ten Op penheimers grandfather brought him some rocks to identify and as a result Oppenheimer became very interested in geology. This led him to study other sciences at a young age. By age six he had the vocabulary of an adult. He could speak well and understood the meanings of the words and where they came from. He excelled in mathematics and was computation numbers at a high school day rate while in the second grade. People referred to him as a boy genius. Oppenheimer was from a Judaic family who did not believe in the Orthodox ways. They had no temple affiliation, but did attend the Felix Alder Ethical School during grade school until high school. This school shaped many of Oppenheimers ideas regarding morality and political views that would later affect his life.He studied at Harvard and was good in the classics, such as Latin, Greek, alchemy and Physics. He had published works in poetry and studied Oriental philosophy. He graduated in 1925, it took him only three years, and went to England to do research at Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. He didnt like it there and left at the end of 1925. A man named Max Born asked him to attend Gottingen University where he met prominent European physicists. Oppenheimer studied quantum mechanics in Europe in the 1920s. He learned from Ernest Rutherford, one of the pioneers of atomic theory and from Werner Heisenberg and Pau... ... Education An Introduction to loving and Political Aspects. 4th ed. New York & London Longman, Inc., 1989.Stern, Phillip M. The Oppenheimer Case Security on Trial. New York, Evanston, and London Harper & Row, 1969.Taylor, Telford. Grand Inquest The Story of congressional Investigations. New York Simon and Schuster, 1955.Thayer, H, S. "Pragmatism." Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed, Paul Edwards. New York Macmillan, 1967.Tobey, Ronald C, Horus Gets In Gear A Beginners Guide to Research in the History of Science. 2nd revised ed., Riverside plane section of History, U niversity of California - Riverside, 1990,United States Atomic Energy Commission. In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer Transcript of the Hearing before Personnel Security Board and Texts of Principal Documents and Letters. Foreword by Philip M. Stern. Cambridge and London The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1970,Wilde, Norman, "Ethics." Book review. The Journal of Philosophy. Psychology. and Scientific Methods, 5 (November 5, 1908), 636-639.York, Herbert F. The Advisors Oppenheimer, Teller and the Superbomb. San Francisco W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976.

A Human Transporter Protein that Mediates the Final Excretion Step for

IntroductionThe kidney is an excretory organ that filters wastes from blood and excretes them as urine. Blood blood plasma filtration occurs at the glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries. Transporters are specialized proteins located in the membranes of the nephron. There are different concentrations of transporters located at various regions of the nephron. For instance, the proximal tubule retains more or less of the sodium transporters. Some transporters require adenosine triphosphate while others perform passive transport. The method of excretion of toxic ingrained compounds in mammals is mainly through the kidney and liver. Toxic organic compounds are absorbed by the basolateral membranes and later excreted by brush border membranes that absorb nutrients from the small intestine. These toxic organic compounds are also absorbed by hepatocytes at the sinusoidal membranes and excreted through the bile canaliculi. The objective of this research is to ide ntify the transporter involved with the final step of excretion of toxic organic chemicals. establish on biochemical and physiological studies of the organic compound exporter, the tentative hypothesis proposed is that mammalian orthologues of bacterial multidrug are involved with the excretion of organic compounds. These multidrug transporters include the ?major(ip) facilitator superfamily, the small multidrug resistance family, the resistance nodulation cell division family, the ATP binding cassette family, and the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) family (8?10)?. The MATE family proteins facilitate the coupled export between hydrogen and sodium ions of cationic drugs in bacteria. In this experiment, MATE1 is revealed as the transporter involved with the final... ... locations fit the description of a H+ coupled organic cation transporter.Does hMATE have the correct physiological fingerprint for a toxic organic cation exporter?Yes Even before they discovered this protein transporter, physiologists had a set of characteristics that this unknown transport protein would display. This protein would be pH sensitive, use H+ as the active step in secondary active transport, and saturable of course. In addition, this protein is found just where it should be, in the apical regions of tubes in the kidney and liver. Since hMATE fits the description, it is a convincing hazard for exporting toxic organic cations.SourcesArticle A human transporter protein that mediates the final excretion step for toxic organic cations. By Masato Otsuka, Takuya Matsumoto, Riyo Morimoto, Shigeo Arioka, Hiroshi Omote, and Yoshinori Moriyama

A Human Transporter Protein that Mediates the Final Excretion Step for

IntroductionThe kidney is an excretory organ that filters wastes from blood and excretes them as urine. Blood plasma filtration occurs at the glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries. Transporters are narrow proteins located in the membranes of the nephron. There are different concentrations of conveyor belts located at various regions of the nephron. For instance, the proximal tubule retains most of the sodium transporters. Some transporters require adenosine triphosphate while others discharge passive transport. The method of excretion of toxic organic conflates in mammals is mainly through the kidney and liver. Toxic organic compounds are absorbed by the basolateral membranes and later excreted by brush border membranes that absorb nutrients from the small intestine. These toxic organic compounds are also absorbed by hepatocytes at the sinusoidal membranes and excreted through the bile canaliculi. The design of this research is to identify the transpor ter involved with the final step of excretion of toxic organic chemicals. Based on biochemical and physiological studies of the organic compound exporter, the tentative hypothesis proposed is that mammalian orthologues of bacterial multidrug are involved with the excretion of organic compounds. These multidrug transporters include the ?major facilitator superfamily, the small multidrug resistance family, the resistance nodulation cell department family, the ATP binding cassette family, and the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) family (8?10)?. The MATE family proteins facilitate the coupled export between hydrogen and sodium ions of cationic drugs in bacteria. In this experiment, MATE1 is revealed as the transporter involved with the final... ... locations fit the description of a H+ coupled organic cation transporter.Does hMATE have the correct physiological fingerprint for a toxic organic cation exporter?Yes notwithstanding before they discovered this protein transporter, physiologists had a set of characteristics that this unknown transport protein would display. This protein would be pH sensitive, use H+ as the active step in lower-ranking active transport, and saturable of course. In addition, this protein is found just where it should be, in the apical regions of tubes in the kidney and liver. Since hMATE fits the description, it is a convincing suspect for exporting toxic organic cations.SourcesArticle A human transporter protein that mediates the final excretion step for toxic organic cations. By Masato Otsuka, Takuya Matsumoto, Riyo Morimoto, Shigeo Arioka, Hiroshi Omote, and Yoshinori Moriyama

Problem Solving for Elementary School Math Teachers Essay

In every teaching discipline, a strategy is usually use in working out a line of work, and in mathematics, the problem-solving play is employed. Problem solving process is a series that is employ to solve a problem instead of solving the problem through intuition or memory but by phases of analysis and at the same employs thinking and logic. In a mathematical perspective, in that respect are four ill-uses consciousness the problem, devising a plan, executing the plan and reflecting on the issue (Alfred, 2007, pp. 46). Usually the first step is looking for clues that form the basis of understanding the problem.Basics of the marvel are digested and the clue terms are analyzed and understood. This is through obtaining the facts that can second in solving the problem and previous knowledge on the foreland can be brought into use. The next step is devising a plan that will be employed in working out the solution to the problem. The risque plan should be countersinkd and tryin g to flash back whether such a problem as ever occurred. Strategies are developed that will help in solving the question and strategies like employing formulas and simplification are analyzed.At this, time the order and appropriate formulas that will be employed are checked. Strategies that pose been developed are used to solve the problem. Each step is dealt with depending on the conditions of that question. In solving the problem, operators, number sentence and structure are employed. This is the third step that indicates how the mathematical problem is solved. The final part is checking the process or reflecting whether the right question is answered and the right style is employed.At this phase questions such as how the problem was solved, what strategy was employed and whether the right steps were followed comes into play. Solving any mathematical problem, there are certain verse and operands / functions that can be applied. Natural number is common during counting and inclu des the countable numbers 1, 2, 3 which leads to whole numbers when 0 is included 0, 1, 2, 3. They then gives birth to integers that combine natural and whole numbers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. Rational numbers in most cases are the fractions that results due to dividing of integers (Kamala, 2004, pp.18). Integer division results into decimal numbers that may be either repeating or terminating. Those numbers that are non-terminating decimals, non-repetitive are irrational and examples are the pi and sqrt 2. However, when numbers are expressed as a fraction of number in simile with 100 is termed as percentage. The percent sign (%) is usually employed. The combination of irrational numbers and integer numbers results in real numbers. This is real numbers because there are the complex numbers that are formed by imaginary numbers.To bring the unalike numbers together to solve a problem operands are employed. Some of the common operands are add, subtract, multiply and divide (James, 2003, pp. 1 24). Number theory deals with properties of integers and methods that are used to manipulate them. On the other hand, sets are used to define those distinct objects. When the sets are arranged in symbolic form and with the help of mathematical notation yields the number system. A mathematical teacher has to know the oddment between numbers so that the teacher can easily manipulate any computation requirements.Differentiating between integers and complex numbers because of the cornerstone of function i in imaginary numbers will enable the understanding of space designs and structures. Teachers ability in understanding the several(predicate) number system and the methods that can be used in solving the problems at the required phases problem solving steps is important in developing the student logic and thinking capability. The medical prognosis of mathematical operation ability and different number system has expanded personal knowledge in knowing that there are many and differen t numbers that can be worked on (James, 2003, pp.124). The relation between this numbers is small e. g. , the difference between whole numbers and natural numbers is the introduction of zero. Additionally, the use of problem solving steps makes it easy to solve a problem and develop the logic that the students will have to apply in different mathematical computations. Mathematics is an important discipline that is usually employed in different fields. Its application to one field is the same to some extent when employed to another discipline.Problem solving understating is important so that the concept that is behind the computation should stay in the brain for a longer time. The four phases that is used in mathematical computation develops the logic and thinking.ReferencesAlfred, W. (2007). An Introduction to Mathematics. sunrise(prenominal) York Kessinger Publishing C. , pp. pp. 45 49 James, L. (2003). World Mathematical Operations. London Cambridge University Press, pp. 123 12 7 Kamala, M. (2004). Introduction to Computational Mathematics. New York Prentice Hall Publishing, pp. 16 19

Colorism: Black People and Skin Color Essay

Growing up as a youth being in an interracial family, I always go through prejudice whether it was in gradient my home or out on the street. My father was an African-American, his family was accepting but all could see that they praised the fact that my skin was 5-6 shades hoy than that of my other cousins.This of course caused unresolved issues, issues that couldnt and wouldnt be talked about among us as children, but later on became deep conversation change with tears and understanding because we were finally able to get from under the stigma that our parents were engulfed in because their parents had subjected them to the same treatment. While on the other hand, my mothers side of the family is Irish, German, and Indian. They despised the fact that my father was an African-American man.I would hear my mothers mother talk badly of my father. She even went as far as not to allow my father in her home. She was the hardest on me out of all the grand children when it came to discipl ining us, because my fathers skin tone was that of a black man. They too tended to favor my mothers eldest daughter because her father wasnt an African-American. As a child growing up I experienced two positive and negative feedback for my skin color. notwithstanding I must say that it was about 85% positive when not in the presence of my mothers mother.Note I dont say grandmother because she was hardly ever a grandmother toward s me, just because my skin color was that of a black girl, while my cousins were mostly fair skinned. Colorism in the United States is a stigma that wont get lifted because of what slavery has embedded in the minds of African-Americans. According to wikipedia. com, Colorism is defined as a Black-on-Black racism, based on skin-tone. The discrimination is based on the idea that a persons worth is flat related to the color of his or her skin, valuing lighter tones over darker tones.Its commonly known that Colorism plagued the Black community after slavery and through the early to mid-twentieth century. In the early 1900s, many black organizations, including colleges, practiced the brown paper bag test when accepting new members. If a persons skin was not lighter than a brown paper bag, they would be denied admittance. Though the brown paper bag test is out of date and frowned upon as a disgraceful moment in African-American history, the ideals behind the practice still lingers in the African-American community.Modern-day Colorism rears its ugly head in the day to day lives of African-Americans all day. This issue has affected every hue or shade of blackness within the African-American community. In The Color Complex by Midge Wilson, Wilson addresses the issue by tracing the origin of Colorism, To trace the origins of the color complex, we must return to the year 1607 when three ships sailed in Chesapeake Bay, stopping at Jamestown, Virginia, to establish the first English dependance in the New World..It was a new land and a new er a filled with possibilities. What might have been unthinkable in europium and Africa was an everyday occurrence in the wilderness. Miscegenation, or race mixing, became widespread as Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans mixed their seed and substance to produce a kaleidoscope of skin tones and features. But these primary race groupings differed sharply in their civil liberties and political freedoms. Subtle variations in appearance took on enormous consequence in meaning, especially among Negros, (Wilson, pg. 9).With the idiom of color being placed in the forefront of the black community, blacks have let this issue set the stage for ignorance for over four hundred years. The set up of these actions have trickled down into some of the most prominent black organizations that define our community and our blackness, such as the NAACP, Jack and Jill, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Kappa Alpha pounds per square inch Fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, and etc. It is no secret th at these types of organizations were created in order to create a faux safe haven for the wealth of the light-skinned mulattos.In the early years these organizations were called Blue Vein societies, because in order to quote belong, the test of how light you were was could you see your blue veins through your skin? And if they could, you were in. Works Cited Colorism. Wikipedia, The exonerate Encyclopedia. 1 Nov 2009, 2252 UTC. 2 Nov 2009 . Wilson, Midge, Russell Kathy. The Color Complex The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans. New York Harcourt Publishers, 1992.

Bob and the Troubles of China

Name ________________________ The Odyssey Study Questions- ANSWERS Book One (p. 77-92) 1. What do you see as the view of the Gods towards workforce? They think men be foolish. They bring most pain and suffering upon themselves. 2. What do you see as the attitude of the Greeks towards hospitality? They translate the exercise of hosts seriously. The Greeks had to open their situation, be gracious, and share their food, and drink with their guests. 3. How would you characterize Telemachus at this point? What are his strengths? Telemachus is trying to be a good host and check up ons himself to a higher(prenominal) set of standards.He is disgusted by the behaviors of the suitors around his home. He cares near the values and morals of the Greeks. 4. What are his weaknesses? He has allowed the suitors to all overtake his fathers home. 5. How does genus A paste excogitate to affect Telemachus? Athencea poses as a man, Mentes (Odysseus friend) and enters Telemachus home. She tells T elemachus that Odysseus is lock alive and that he must(prenominal) rid the home of the suitors. 6. What tragic homecoming story do we let break through of? How does it relate to the situation in Ithaca? The Achaeans Journey Home from troy weight.It is the story of Odysseus and his men. 7. Who is Phemius? The bard- he tells stories and entertains. 8. How does Telemachus show strength with genus Penelope? He confronts her when she is weeping over Odysseus. I h gaga the reins of index in this house (p. 89) 9. How does this relate to the visit of genus Athene? genus Athene helps Telemachus to confront his mother and the suitors- something he would non ware done on his own. Athena now trips him on a journey to find his father (Book Two). Book Two (p. 93-106) 1. What is the suitors attitude towards Penelopes reluctance to read one of them?The suitors think Penelope is vamper with them. They want Telemachus to stand up to his mother and either cook up her choose a suitor or kic k her out. 2. wherefore do they think it is their beneficial to demand that she choose? They think they tidy sum demand Penelope choose because she has been leading them on for over three years. Penelope has been weaving a plow for Laertes. She told the suitors she would choose from among them when she finished the shroud, hardly the men found out she has been unweaving it at night. 3. What are the ii different interpretations of the omen?The omen two bird of Joves (Zeus animal) zap cross instructions the sky (p. 98). Interpretation 1 Halitherses arranges Zeus is saying Odysseus go out return home shortly (p. 98). Interpretation 2 Eurymachus says they are estimable birds, but then offers his own prophecy Telemachus leave alone be hurt and Halitherses leave be fined (p. 99). 4. How does Telemachus respond to the position put forward by Antinous? Antinous wants Telemachus to force his mother to choose and says that Telemachus should for purpose that he and his mother ha ve been wronged and retributory feast with the suitors.Telemachus refuses on all accounts. Antinous says Telemachus leave alone die on his journey. (p. 102-103) *He lets his nurse (nursemaid) know he is leaving to go to Sparta, but doesnt want to tell his mother till ten or a dozen years have passed / or she misses me herself and envisions Im gone because she mustnt mar her lovely face with tears (p. 105). BOOK THREE SUMMARY At Pylos, Telemachus and Mentor (Athena in disguise) rule an impressive religious ceremony in which dozens of bulls are sacrificed to Poseidon, the god of the sea.Although Telemachus has little experience with public speaking, Mentor installs him the encouragement that he needs to advancement genus Nestor, the metropoliss king, and ask him somewhat Odysseus. Nestor, however, has no information about the Greek hero. He recounts that after the fall of Troy a falling-out occurred surrounded by Agamemnon and Menelaus, the two Greek brothers who had led the expedition. Menelaus set sail for Greece immediately, spell Agamemnon decided to wait a day and continue sacrificing on the shores of Troy. Nestor went with Menelaus, darn Odysseus stayed with Agamemnon, and he has comprehend no news of Odysseus.He says that he preserve only pray that Athena allow show Telemachus the kindness that she showed Odysseus. He adds that he has seed that suitors have interpreted over the princes house in Ithaca and that he hopes that Telemachus leave behind achieve the renown in demur of his father that Orestes, discussion of Agamemnon, won in defense of his father. Telemachus then asks Nestor about Agamemnons fate. Nestor explains that Agamemnon returned from Troy to find that Aegisthus, a subject coward who remained behind while the Greeks fought in Troy, had seduced and married his wife, Clytemnestra.With her approval, Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon. He would have then taken over Agamemnons kingdom had not Orestes, who was in exile in Athens, retu rned and killed Aegisthus and Clytemnestra. THIS IS THE STORY ZEUS WAS REFERRING TO IN BOOK 1. Nestor holds the courage of Orestes up as an example for Telemachus. He sends his own son Pisistratus along to accompany Telemachus to Sparta, and the two set out by land the abutting day. Athena, who reveals her divinity by shedding the form of Mentor and changing into an eagle before the entire court of Pylos, stays behind to protect Telemachuss commit and its crew.BOOK FOUR SUMMARY In Sparta, the king and queen, Menelaus and Helen (THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED 1000 SHIPS- THE ONE THE TROJAN WAR WAS OVER), are celebrating the separate marriages of their son and daughter. They happily greet Pisistratus and Telemachus, the latter(prenominal) of whom they soon recognize as the son of Odysseus because of the clear family resemblance. As they all feast, the king and queen recount with melancholy the some(prenominal) examples of Odysseuss cunning at Troy. Helen recalls how Odysseus dressed as a b eggar to infiltrate the citys walls.Menelaus tells the famous story of the Trojan horse, Odysseuss masterful gambit that allowed the Greeks to sneak into Troy and slaughter the Trojans. The following day, Menelaus recounts his own return from Troy. He says that, stranded in Egypt, he was forced to capture Proteus, the divine Old Man of the Sea. Proteus told him the focal point back to Sparta and then informed him of the fates of Agamemnon and Ajax, other Greek hero, who survived Troy only to perish back in Greece. Proteus besides told him news of Odysseusthat he was still alive but was imprisoned by calypso on her island.Buoyed by this report, Telemachus and Pisistratus return to Pylos to set sail for Ithaca. Meanwhile, the suitors at Odysseuss house learn of Telemachuss voyage and prepare to ambush him upon his return. The herald Medon overhears their plans and reports them to Penelope. She be agree abreasts distraught when she reflects that she may soon lose her son in additio n to her husband, but Athena sends a specter in the form of Penelopes sister, Iphthime, to reassure her. Iphthime tells her not to worry, for the goddess will protect Telemachus. Book Five (p. 152-167) 1.How long does Odysseus stay on Calypsos island? He was with Calypso for seven years (she got him on his way home from Troy). 2. What is the source of Calypsos power over Odysseus? She is an attractive goddess who is lustrous (p. 155, 157, 158). It is a sexual seductive power. 3. What do we learn of Calypsos feelings for Odysseus? She loves Odysseus and saved him. She wants to keep him (p. 156). He does not want her unwilling lover alongside lover all too willing (p. 157). 4. What will Calypso bust Odysseus if he stays with her? Hermes comes from Zeus and demands Calypso release him.She offers Odysseus im mortality if he stays with her (p. 158-159). 5. Calypso asks Odysseus to compare her with Penelope does Odysseus respond satisfactorily? Penelope falls short of you Calypso, / you r beauty, stature. She is mortal after all / and you, you never age or die (p. 159). REMEMBER, GODDESSES ARE ULTRA SENSITIVE. 6. How would you characterize the making of the commode, and the departure of Odysseus? Cut 20 trees and made his raft (more of a send off) with Calypso bringing him tools and showing him where things were. It took 4 days. On the 5th day, Calypso launched him from her island.On the 18th day, Poseidon noticed him Outrageous (p. 161) and created chaos on the ocean. 7. For how some(prenominal) days does Odysseus swim? Three days (p. 164). 8. Why does Zeus, despite his liking of Odysseus, allow Poseidon to make this journey such an ordeal? Poseidon is a god and angry. Zeus will not allow him to kill Odysseus, but take out his frustration. 9. Ino-Leucothea, in the guise of a seabird, flops him her veil. Why veil? She felt bad for him, Ah poor man, / why is the god of earthquakes so dead set against you? Here, take this check offf veil, / tie it around your waist it is immortal (p. 63). To save him. He could tie it around himself without weighing himself fling off. 10. Why does Odysseus return Inos veil to the sea? He returned it to her as she was in the sea (he feared it at first thinking it might be a burlesque of another goddess) (p. 166). 11. After two days of swimming, note several phases of decision-making. Does Odysseus accomplish his rescue on his own? If I clamber out, some big comber will hoist me, / dash me against that cliff If I keep on swimming down the coast, trying to find a seab separately another gale will snatch me up and hail me back (p. 165).He needed help from Athena and Ino. BOOK SIX SUMMARY That night, Athena appears in a dream to the Phaeacian princess Nausicaa, disguised as her friend. She encourages the early princess to go to the river the abutting day to wash her clothes so that she will appear more fetching to the many men courting her. The next morning, Nausicaa goes to the river, and while she and her handmaidens are naked, playing ball as their clothes dry on the ground, Odysseus wakes in the forest and encounters them. Naked himself, he humbly yet winningly pleads for their assistance, never say his identity.Nausicaa leaves him alone to wash the dirt and brine from his body, and Athena makes him look especially handsome, so that when Nausicaa sees him again she begins to fall in love with him. Afraid of causing a scene if she walks into the city with a strange man at her side, Nausicaa gives Odysseus broadcastions to the palace and advice on how to approach Arete, queen of the Phaeacians, when he meets her. With a prayer to Athena for hospitality from the Phaeacians, Odysseus sets out for the palace. BOOK SEVEN SUMMARY On his way to the palace of Alcinous, the king of the Phaeacians, Odysseus is stopped by a young girl who is Athena in disguise.She offers to guide him to the kings house and shrouds him in a protective mist that keeps the Phaeacians, a kind but somewhat x enophobic people, from harassing him. She also advises him to direct his plea for help to Arete, the wise and strong queen who will know how to get him home. Once Athena has delivered Odysseus to the palace, she departs from Scheria to her beloved city of Athens. Odysseus finds the palace residents holding a festival in honor of Poseidon. He is struck by the splendor of the palace and the kings opulence.As soon as he sees the queen, he throws himself at her feet, and the mist about him dissipates. At first, the king wonders if this wayward traveller might be a god, but without revealing his identity, Odysseus puts the kings suspicions to rest by declaring that he is indeed a mortal. He then explains his predicament, and the king and queen gladly promise to see him off the next day in a Phaeacian ship. Later that evening, when the king and queen are alone with Odysseus, the wise Arete recognizes the clothes that he is wearing as ones that she herself had made for her daughter Nausic aa.Suspicious, she interrogates Odysseus further. While still withholding his name, Odysseus responds by recounting the story of his journey from Calypsos island and his encounter with Nausicaa that morning, which involved her giving him a set of clothes to wear. To absolve the princess for not consequent him to the palace, Odysseus claims that it was his idea to come alone. Alcinous is so impressed with his visitor that he offers Odysseus his daughters hand in marriage. BOOK EIGHT SUMMARY The next day, Alcinous calls an fiction of his Phaeacian counselors.Athena, back from Athens, ensures attendance by spreading word that the topic of discussion will be the god analogous visitor who recently appeared on the island. At the assembly, Alcinous proposes providing a ship for his visitor so that the man can return to his homeland. The measure is approved, and Alcinous invites the counselors to his palace for a feast and celebration of games in honor of his guest. There, a stratagem b ard named Demodocus sings of the quarrel between Odysseus and Achilles at Troy. Everyone listens with pleasure that Odysseus, who weeps at the painful memories that the story recalls.The king notices Odysseuss grief and ends the feast so that the games can begin. The games include the standard lineup of boxing, wrestling, racing, and throwing of the discus. At one point, Odysseus is asked to participate. Still overcome by his many hardships, he declines. One of the young athletes, Broadsea, then aggravates him, which goads his pride to action. Odysseus good wins the discus toss and then challenges the Phaeacian athletes to any other form of competition they choose. The discussion becomes heated, but Alcinous diffuses the situation by insisting that Odysseus join them in another east, at which the Phaeacian youth entertain him and prove their preeminence in song and dance. Demodocus performs again, this time a light song about a tryst between Ares and Aphrodite. Afterward, Alcinou s and each of the young Phaeacian men, including Broadsea, give Odysseus gifts to take with him on his journey home. At dinner that night, Odysseus asks Demodocus to sing of the Trojan horse and the sack of Troy, but as he listens to the accomplished minstrel he again breaks down. King Alcinous again notices and stops the music. He asks Odysseus at last to tell him who he is, where he is from, and where he is going.Book cardinal (p. 211-229) 1. Where do Odysseus and his men go first after they leave Troy? Ismarus- they raided the city, killed the men, and took the women. 2. Who are the Cicones? The people of Ismarus. They bring an army against Odysseus and kill six men from each of his twelve ships. 3. Who are the lotus eaters? They offer Odysseus men lotus flowers which make them uncaring about anything but eating more lotus flowers. 4. How does Polyphemus prevent Odysseus and his men from leaving his cave? He puts giant boulder in front of the mouth of the cave. 5. What does Poly phemus diet consist of?People, goats, cheese, milk. 6. Are the Cyclops in any way civilized? (Opinion) 7. What mistake does Odysseus makes as he sails away? He tells Polyphemus his real name and taunts him. Book Ten (p. 230-248) 1. After the attack from the Laestrygonians, how many ships are unexpended out of the original twelve? One- only Odysseus ship. 2. What sort of character is Circe? What craft does she practice that Penelope also practices? She is immortal and a sensual woman. She is gifted in weaving like Penelope (remember her death shroud deal). 3. Why (aside from her magic) is she able to turn Odysseus men into swine?How do they offend her? She drugged the men when they drank. She didnt like their behavior. 4. Into what does Circe transform Odysseus crew? Pigs. 5. What does Hermes give to Odysseus? Moly (a poisonous plant) to stop him from being changed by Circes wine potion it is no longer poisonous because a god gave it to him. 6. What makes Odysseus give in to Circes enticements? Is this typical of him? She is a beautiful immortal woman who promised to return his crew to their form. We know he stayed with Calypso, so it seems within character. 7. How long does Odysseus stay in Circes palace? year. 8. Why does he want to leave? He wants to go back to Ithaca and his wife. 9. Where must Odysseus go to learn his way home? He must go to the Underworld and talk to Tiresias (the blind prophet- same one from Oedipus). Book Eleven (p. 249-270) 1. What favor does Elpenor ask of Odysseus? He wants Odysseus to give his body a tight-laced burial- the one who fell off of the roof at Circes and died (p. 251). 2. What ritual does Odysseus perform in order to meet those in the Underworld? He gives libations (milk, honey, wine, water) and performs sacrifices (sheep). 3.What does Tiresias do in order to speak to Odysseus? He had to drink the blood of the sacrifices. 4. What does Odysseus learn about his journey from Tiresias in Hades? He will get home, but if he touches the cattle of Helios, he will lose all his men and have a more treacherous stumble home (p. 253). He will have to make amends to Poseidon at the end of his journey. 5. What does Odysseus learn from Anticleia? What does he try to do after she speaks to him? Why does he fail? Anticleia is his mother. She died of grief while he was gone. Penelope is still waiting for him. His father is still alive but is ad because Odysseus is still gone. He kept trying to hold/ nip her, but she kept dissolving because she is only a soul. 6. What does Agamemnon tell Odysseus about how men should feel about women? Is it significant that earlier in the book we hear about celebrated women? He thinks women are shameful. They are manipulative and wily (p. 262- 263). 7. What is the reason for Ajaxs anger at Odysseus? Ajax refuses to talk to Odysseus. Ajax still holds a grudge over the fact that Odysseus won the armor of Achilles (during the Trojan War). 8. What is the Greek Underworld (Hades) like?T he souls come up out of Erebus. As Persephone brings him through the Underworld, he sees Minos judged the dead. Orion is in a field, Tityus is being tortured with two eagles eating his liver. He sees torment and suffering everywhere. 9. What do you make of Tantalus and Sisyphus? They are being punished for eternity. Tantalus cant eat or drink but is forever thirsty and hungry. Sisyphus is constantly pushing a boulder to the uphill and it rolls back down just as he is about to push it over the top. They are to suffer futility. Book Twelve (p. 271-285) 1. Why has Odysseus returned to Aeaea?He needs to bury the body of Elpenor as he promised. 2. How does Circe help him? She warns Odysseus of all the dangers that await them- the Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis, the cattle of the sun god and how to lose the fewest men. 3. What does the episode of the Sirens tell us about Odysseus character? Homers understanding of the power of music? He alone is to hear the Sirens song. He is unique and stro nger than the other men with whom he travels. Homer understands that music has power to seduce, tame, and incite. 4. What advice does Odysseus take that Circe gives him about Scylla and Charybdis?What does this tell us about leadership? He braves Scylla rather than Charybdis. If he took on the whirlpool, he would have lost his entire crew. He is willing, as a leader, to make hard choices. 5. Why are the cattle of Helios island so tempting? The men have not eaten fresh meat in a long time. 6. What warning does Odysseus give his men? Do not eat the cattle of the sun god. 7. This is not the first time Odysseus warnings are ignored. Whose fault is this? Opinion. 8. This is also not the first time Odysseuss orders are defied. Does this absolve him of responsibility? Opinion. BOOK THIRTEEN SUMMARYThe account of his wanderings now finished, Odysseus looks forward to leaving Scheria. The next day, Alcinous loads his gifts on board the ship that will carry Odysseus to Ithaca. Odysseus sets s ail as soon as the sun goes down. He sleeps the whole night, while the Phaeacian crew commands the ship. He dust asleep even when the ship lands the next morning. The crew gently carries him and his gifts to shore and then sails for home. When Poseidon spots Odysseus in Ithaca, he becomes enraged at the Phaeacians for assisting his nemesis. He complains to Zeus, who allows him to punish the Phaeacians.Just as their ship is pulling into harbor at Scheria, the prophecy mentioned at the end of Book 8 is fulfilled the ship suddenly turns to stone and sinks to the keister of the sea. The onlookers ashore immediately recognize the consummation of the prophecy and resolve to throw out their custom of helping wayward travelers. Back in Ithaca, Odysseus wakes to find a rustic that he doesnt recognize, for Athena has shrouded it in mist to c one timeal its true form while she plans his next move. At first, he curses the Phaeacians, whom he thinks have duped him and unexpended him in some unknown land.But Athena, disguised as a shepherd, meets him and tells him that he is indeed in Ithaca. With characteristic cunning, Odysseus acts to conceal his identity from her until she reveals hers. Delighted by Odysseuss tricks, Athena announces that it is time for Odysseus to use his wits to punish the suitors. She tells him to hide out in the hut of his swineherd, Eumaeus. She informs him that Telemachus has gone in search of news of him and gives him the appearance of an old vagabond so that no one will recognize him. BOOK FOURTEEN SUMMARY Odysseus finds Eumaeus outside his hut. Although Eumaeus doesnt recognize he withered traveler as his master, he invites him inside. There Odysseus has a hearty meal of pork and listens as Eumaeus heaps praise upon the memory of his former master, whom he fears is lost for good, and contempt upon the behavior of his new masters, the vile suitors. Odysseus predicts that Eumaeus will see his master again quite soon, but Eumaeus will hear n one of ithe has encountered too many vagabonds looking for a handout from Penelope in return for fabricated news of Odysseus. Still, Eumaeus takes a liking to his guest. He puts him up for the night and even lets him espouse a cloak to keep out the cold.When Eumaeus asks Odysseus about his origins, Odysseus lies that he is from Crete. He fought with Odysseus at Troy and made it home safely, he claims, but a trip that he made later to Egypt went awry, and he was reduced to poverty. It was during this trip, he says, that he heard that Odysseus was still alive. BOOK FIFTEEN SUMMARY Athena travels to Sparta, where she finds Telemachus and Pisistratus, Nestors son. She tells Telemachus he must hurry home to Ithaca before the suitors succeed in winning his mothers hand. She also warns him of the ambush that they have set and explains how to overturn it.Finally, she instructs him to head first for the home of the swineherd Eumaeus, who will convey the news of his safe return to Penelope. The next day, Telemachus announces his departure and accepts gifts from Menelaus and Helen. As Telemachus pulls away from the palace in his chariot, an eagle carrying a goose stolen from a pen swoops down beside him. Helen interprets the incident as an omen that Odysseus is about to swoop down on his home and fill revenge on the suitors. Once at Pylos, Telemachus has Pisistratus drop him off at his ship, insisting that he has no time to spare to visit Nestor again.The ship is about to set off when Theoclymenus, a famous prophets descendant who is fleeing prosecution for a crime of manslaughter that he committed in Argos, approaches Telemachus and asks to come aboard. Telemachus welcomes him and offers him hospitality when they get to Ithaca. In the hut of Eumaeus, Odysseus tests the limit of his hospitality by offering to leave in the morning, a false gesture that he hopes will prompt Eumaeus to offer to let him stay longer. He urges the old man not to go out of his way and says t hat he will earn his keep working for the suitors, butEumaeus will have none of it. To get mixed up with those suitors, he warns, would be suicide. Odysseus and the swineherd then swap stories. Eumaeus explains how he first came to Ithaca the son of a king, he was stolen from his house by Phoenician pirates with the help of a maid that his father employed. The pirates took him all over the seas until Laertes, Odysseuss father, bought him in Ithaca. There, Laertes wife brought him up alongside her own daughter, the youngest born. The next morning, Telemachus reaches the shores of Ithaca. He disembarks while the crew heads to the city by ship.He entrusts Theoclymenus to a loyal crewman, Piraeus. As they part, they see a hawk fly by carrying a dove in its talons, which Theoclymenus interprets as a favorable sign of the strength of Odysseuss house and line. Book Sixteen (p. 338-353) 1. How does Eumaeus greet Telemachus? He wept and sobbed. He greeted him as he would his own son. (p. 339 ) 2. What errand is Eumaeus sent on? He is to tell Penelope that Telemachus has returned and to have her housekeeper tell Odysseus father (Laertes) that he is home (p. 343). 3. Why does Odysseus reveal his identity to Telemachus?Athena urged him on so the two could plot the demise of the suitors (p. 343-344). 4. How does Odysseus look when he reveals himself to his son? p. 344- He is tall, handsome, black hair, etc. He is heroic looking (godlike). 5. How does Telemachus match when Odysseus identifies himself? At first he does not believe it is him. No, youre not Odysseus Not my father (p. 344). 6. What are the three major points of strategy in the plan which Odysseus tells to Telemachus? a. Odysseus will pretend to be a beggar as he enters the hall with the suitors.Telemachus will hide all the apparatuss except for 2 swords, 2 spears, and 2 oxhide bucklers for Odysseus and Telemachus. b. Athena Zeus will daze the suitors. c. Odysseus and Telemachus will kill all the suitors (an d possibly Penelope if she has not been faithful). 7. What does Antinous try to get the suitors to do? He wants them to plot to kill Telemachus (p. 350). 8. Who offers a different perspective? Amphinomus says that its not right to kill the descendants of kings, but if Zeus wants it, then he will do it, but not before. 9. How does Penelope learn of what the suitors are thinking?The herald Medon told her what transpired (p. 351). 10. How does Penelope react to this information? She confronts Antinous (p. 351). 11. Which of the suitors attempts to reassure her? Eurymachus tells her no one will try to hurt her son. BOOK SEVENTEEN SUMMARY Telemachus leaves Odysseus at Eumaeuss hut and heads to his palace, where he receives a tearful welcome from Penelope and the nurse Eurycleia. In the palace hall he meets Theoclymenus and Piraeus. He tells Piraeus not to bring his gifts from Menelaus to the palace he fears that the suitors will steal them if they kill him.When he sits down to eat with P enelope, Telemachus tells her what little news he received of Odysseus in Pylos and Sparta, but he doesnt reveal that he has seen Odysseus with his own eyes in Eumaeuss hut. Theoclymenus then speaks up and swears that Odysseus is in Ithaca at this very moment. Meanwhile, Eumaeus and Odysseus set out toward town in Telemachuss footsteps. On the way they meet Melanthius, a base subordinate of the suitors, who heaps scorn on Eumaeus and kicks his beggar companion. Odysseus receives a similar welcome at the palace.The suitors give him food with huge reluctance, and Antinous goes out of his way to insult him. When Odysseus answers insult with insult, Antinous gives him a blow with a stool that disgusts even the other suitors. Report of this cruelty reaches Penelope, who asks to have the beggar brought to her so that she can question him about Odysseus. Odysseus, however, doesnt want the suitors to see him heading toward the queens room. Eumaeus announces that he must return to his hut a nd hogs, leaving Odysseus alone with Telemachus and the suitors. BOOK EIGHTEEN SUMMARYAnother beggar, Arnaeus (nicknamed Irus), saunters into the palace. For a beggar, he is rather brash he insults Odysseus and challenges him to a boxing match. He thinks that he will make quick work of the old man, but Athena gives Odysseus extra strength and stature. Irus soon regrets challenging the old man and tries to escape, but by now the suitors have taken notice and are egging on the fight for the sake of their own entertainment. It ends quickly as Odysseus floors Irus and stops just short of killing him. The suitors congratulate Odysseus.One in particular, the moderate Amphinomus, toasts him and gives him food. Odysseus, fully aware of the bloodshed to come and overcome by pity for Amphinomus, pulls the man aside. He predicts to Amphinomus that Odysseus will soon be home and gives him a thinly veiled warning to abandon the palace and return to his own land. But Amphinomus doesnt depart, de spite being fraught with grave forebodings, for Athena has bound him to death at the hands of Telemachus (18. 176). Athena now puts it into Penelopes head to make an appearance before her suitors.The goddess gives her extra stature and beauty to inflame their hearts. When Penelope speaks to the suitors, she leads them on by telling them that Odysseus had instructed her to take a new husband if he should fail to return before Telemachus began growing facial hair. She then tricks them, to the silent delight of Odysseus, into bringing her gifts by claiming that any suitor worth his salt would try to win her hand by giving things to her instead of victorious whats rightfully hers. The suitors shower her with presents, and, as they celebrate, Odysseus instructs the maidservants to go to Penelope.The maidservant Melantho, Melanthiuss sister, insults him as an inferior being and a drunk Odysseus then scares them off with threats. Hoping to make Odysseus even more angry at the suitors, Ath ena now inspires Eurymachus to insult him. When Odysseus responds with insults of his own, Eurymachus throws a stool at him but misses, hitting a servant instead. Just as a riot is about to break out, Telemachus steps in and diffuses the situation, to the consternation of the suitors. Book Nineteen (p. 390-409) 1. What ruse does Odysseus tell Telemachus to carry out at the beginning of the book?Telemachus is to tell the suitors he is putting the weapons away for safe keeping and so that they will not hurt each other when they are drunk. 2. What does the strange ask Penelope not to ask him? Why? Does she ask him anyway? He says, dont, please, search out my birth, my land, / or youll fill my heart to overflowing even more / as I bring back the past (p. 394). The stranger is Odysseus and he doesnt want to reveal himself yet. She wants to test his honesty. 3. Where does Odysseus tell Penelope he is from? Does this story have anything in common with the story he tells Eumaeus?He says he is from Crete. It parallels (many of the same strokes) the stories he has told in the past (he has to keep his lies in order). 4. How does Penelope react to what she hears of Odysseus? How does Odysseus react to her reaction? She is moved and upset. She weeps and says she believes he knew Odysseus. He reassures her. He is happy that she misses him and has been loyal to him. 5. What prediction does Odysseus give to Penelope? Odysseus will return within the month. True, this very month- just as the old moon dies / and the new moon rises into life- Odysseus will return (p. 400). 6. How did Odysseus obtain the scar that Eurycleia recognizes? (On his foot) He got it while hunting boar with his grandfather Autolycus. 7. What does Odysseus say to Eurycleia? He says he will kill all of the maids in the house, but Eurycleia says she will tell him who is guilty and who is innocent. 8. What is the dream which Penelope describes to Odysseus? How does he interpret it? An eagle kills all of her 20 geese. It then speaks Courage, daughter of Famous King Icarus / This is no dream but a happy waking vision, / real as day, that will come true for you. These geese were your suitors (p. 407-409). Odysseus says it is a prophecy of the future- that Odysseus has basically told her through her dream what will happen. 9. How does the stranger affect Penelope? Why is she favorably disposed toward the stranger? She trusts him (because she can connect with him). 10. How does Penelope plan to test the suitors to see which one she will marry? She will marry the one who can string Odysseus present and shoot an arrow through 12 axes set in a line (think the aspects of a hero- they have a special weapon only they can wield).BOOK TWENTY SUMMARY Penelope and Odysseus both have trouble sleeping that night. Odysseus worries that he and Telemachus will never be able to conquer so many suitors, but Athena reassures him that through the gods all things are possible. Tormented by the loss of her hu sband and her commitment to remarry, Penelope wakes and prays for Artemis to kill her. Her distress wakes Odysseus, who asks Zeus for a good omen. Zeus responds with a clap of thunder, and, at once, a maid in an adjacent room is heard cursing the suitors.As the palace springs to life the next day, Odysseus and Telemachus meet, in succession, the swineherd Eumaeus, the foul Melanthius, and Philoetius, a kindly and loyal herdsman who says that he has not yet given up hope of Odysseuss return. The suitors enter, once again plotting Telemachuss murder. Amphinomus convinces them to call it off, however, when a portent of doom appears in the form of an eagle carrying a dove in its talons. But Athena keeps the suitors unfitting all through dinner to prevent Odysseuss anger from losing its edge.Ctesippus, a wealthy and arrogant suitor, throws a cows hoof at Odysseus, in response to which Telemachus threatens to run him through with his sword. The suitors laugh and laugh, failing to notice that they and the walls of the room are covered in blood and that their faces have assumed a foreign, supernatural lookall of which Theoclymenus interprets as portents of inescapable doom. Book Twenty-One (p. 424-438) 1. What must the stringer of the bow do with his shot? Shoot the arrow through 12 axes in a line (almost impossible) with one arrow. 2.In what way do Telemachus words after giving up show him to be a worthy son? He could have strung the bow, and is doing this on purpose to entice the suitors to the challenge, but in the process makes himself look weak- something he is willing to do for his father. 3. What is Antinous and Eurymachus reaction to the challenge? Antinous yells at the servants for crying. He then admits it will be a difficult challenge to overcome (which he hopes to do). Eurymachus considers it a disgrace if they cannot string the bow. 4. Melanthius is ordered to do what in order to make the bow easier to bend?Get a fire going and grease. They will Heat an d limber the bow and rub it with grease to make it easier to bend (p. 430). 5. How does Odysseus prove his identity to the cowherd and the swineherd? He showed them the scar on his foot. 6. What is the purpose of the biography of the bow? It shows us that his bow is special (only he can wield it). His well-sprung bow was there, / and quivers, too, with lots of painful arrows, / gifts he had received from Iphitus, his friend, / son of Eurytus, a man like the immortals, / when theyd met in Lacedaemon, in Messene, / at the home of wise Ortilochus.Odysseus / had gone there to collect a debt the people owed / Messenian men had run off with three hundred sheep / and seized the shepherds, too, leaving Ithaca/ in their ships with many oars. Because of this, / Odysseus, who was just a boy, had been sent/ a long way by his father and other senior men, / part of an embassy. Iphitus was searching / for twelve mares hed lost and sturdy mules, as well, / still on the teat. Later on these animals / led him to a fatal destiny, the day he met / the mortal Hercules, Zeus great-hearted son, / who knew all there was to know about great exploits. Hercules slaughtered him, although he was a guest/ in his own homea cruel man who didnt care / about the anger of the gods or the dining slacken / hed set before him. After their meal, he killed him / and kept the strong-hoofed mares with him at home/ for his own use. While Iphitus was enquiring / about these horses, he got to meet Odysseus / and gave him the bow. In earlier days, this weapon had been used by mighty Eurytus, and when he died, / hed left it for his son in his high-roofed home. / Odysseus had given him a keen-edged sword/ and a powerful spear, as well. This was the start / of their terminal friendship.But they never bonded / as mutual dinner guestsbefore that happened / Zeus son had murdered Iphitus, son of Eurytus, / a man like the immortals, who gave Odysseus / that bow of his. Lord Odysseus never took it / whenever he went off to war in his black ships. / It lay there in his home as a memorial/ to a dear friend. He carried it in his own land. 7. Penelopes taking the bow from its hiding place is one of the most moving moments in this part of the poem why? This is the first time we rattling see Penelope weep openly for Odysseus. She sobs and believes that he is never coming home. She then sat down, placed the bow case on her knees,/ and wept aloud, as she took out her husbands bow. Book Twenty-Two (p. 439-454) 1. What is Antinous doing when Odysseus shoots him? Why is he the first victim? He shoots him just as hes about to drink. 2. How do the other suitors collecting to Odysseus? At first they turn on him (the stranger) and tell him he will be punished for killing a man of Ithaca. Once Odysseus reveals himself, they say he has gotten his revenge- Antinous was the one who spurred them on. They offer to repay him for all they have taken, eaten, and destroyed. (p. 440-441) 3. How does Eurymachus react to Mentor? 4. How much does Athena help Odysseus, and how much is the victory his? She gives him guidance and makes the suitors (most of) miss when they are throwing spears at Odysseus and Telemachus. Arguments can be made that he would not have won without her guidance and interference. 5. Who tests the strength and courage of Odysseus and Telemachus? Athena. Athena spoke. But she did not give him the strength/ to win that fight decisively. She was still testing / the power and resolution of Odysseus / and his splendid son. So she flew up to the roof / inside the smoky hall, and sat there, taking on/ the appearance of a swallow. 6. The dead suitors are compared to what kind of creatures? Bodies= dead fish Bodies= ox lion (Odysseus) has devoured 7. Which appendages does Melanthius lose? Where do they end up? (Remember Antinous threats to send Irus to Echetus in the beginning of Book 18 and a similar threat to Odysseus in Book 21) They lopped (cut off) his nose and ears with a ruthless knife, / tore his genitals out for the dogs to eat raw / and in manic fury hacked off hands and feet (p. 454). BOOK TWENTY-THREE SUMMARY Eurycleia goes upstairs to call Penelope, who has slept through the entire fight.Penelope doesnt believe anything that Eurycleia says, and she remains in disbelief even when she comes downstairs and sees her husband with her own eyes. Telemachus rebukes her for not greeting Odysseus more lovingly after his long absence, but Odysseus has other problems to worry about. He has just killed all of the noble young men of Ithacatheir parents will surely be greatly distressed. He decides that he and his family will need to lay low at their farm for a while. In the meantime, a minstrel strikes up a happy song so that no passers-by will suspect what has taken place in the palace.Penelope remains wary, afraid that a god is playing a trick on her. She orders Eurycleia to move her acceptation bed, and Odysseus suddenly flares up at her that their bed is immovable, explaining how it is built from the trunk of an olive tree around which the house had been constructed. Hearing him recount these details, she knows that this man must be her husband. They get reacquainted and, afterward, Odysseus gives his wife a brief account of his wanderings. He also tells her about the trip that he must make to fulfill the prophecy of Tiresias in Book 11.The next day, he leaves with Telemachus for Laertes orchard. He gives Penelope instructions not to leave her room or receive any visitors. Athena cloaks Odysseus and Telemachus in phantasma so that no one will see them as they walk through the town. BOOK TWENTY-FOUR SUMMARY The scene changes abruptly. Hermes leads the souls of the suitors, crying like bats, into Hades. Agamemnon and Achilles implore over who had the better death. Agamemnon describes Achilles funeral in detail. They see the suitors coming in and ask how so many noble young men met their end.The suitor Amphimedon, whom Agamemnon knew in life, gives a brief account of their ruin, pinning most of the blame on Penelope and her indecision. Agamemnon contrasts the constancy of Penelope with the treachery of Clytemnestra. Back in Ithaca, Odysseus travels to Laertes farm. He sends his servants into the house so that he can be alone with his father in the gardens. Odysseus finds that Laertes has aged prematurely out of grief for his son and wife. He doesnt recognize Odysseus, and Odysseus doesnt immediately reveal himself, pretending instead that he is someone who once knew and befriended Odysseus.But when Laertes begins to cry at the memory of Odysseus, Odysseus throws his arms around Laertes and kisses him. He proves his identity with the scar and with his memories of the fruit trees that Laertes gave him when he was a little boy. He tells Laertes how he has avenged himself upon the suitors. Laertes and Odysseus have lunch together. Dolius, the father of Melanthius and Melantho, joins them. While they eat, the go ddess Rumor flies through the city spreading the news of the massacre at the palace. The parents of the suitors hold an assembly at which they assess how to respond.Halitherses, the elder prophet, argues that the suitors merely got what they deserved for their wickedness, but Eupithes, Antinouss father, encourages the parents to seek revenge on Odysseus. Their small army tracks Odysseus to Laertes house, but Athena, disguised again as Mentor, decides to put a stop to the violence. Antinouss father is the only one killed, felled by one of Laertes spears. Athena makes the Ithacans forget the massacre of their children and recognize Odysseus as king. Peace is thus restored. *All summaries from SparkNotes. com

Mathematics and Moreno Valley

In all honesty, I dont like school much. My favorite class so far this yr has to be either French or ACT. A few Of my academic strengths ar that Im a great listener, I dont like to waste time when I could be getting work done, and I check my work a lot to make sure it is correct or near correct. My academic weaknesses are that I wont ask questions if need help and most of the time the topics dont interest me. I like figuring problems out on my own because I determine better that way, but it can be a bad thing if I really dont understand the problem at all. In those cases, I dont get by where to start fixing my problem.I like math because most of the time the answers are straight forward. I dont like having to explain myself. Dislike how long it takes to actually bat a problem and I also dislike how long math work can be. My most favorite math experience probably had to be Geometry last year. I understood it well and I was really good at it. To add to that, it was my favorite bec ause hardly ever had to study. Usually retained the info and my teacher taught the lessons well. I havent had a math class dislike yet. Usually get an A in y math classes because I try to go off all of my work and tests with high grades or points.Before this school year, would spend thirty minutes Max to finish my math homework. This school year Ive been spending 1-2 hours on math homework each night. In this class I expect to learn and understand algebra 2 well and earn a high grade. I plan to happen upon this by completing all of my work and studying for the tests. Also, Ill try not to fall behind on any work that is due. To achieve my goals of understanding Algebra 2, it would help if you slowed down and explained more during notes. Id also appreciate reminders of test dates.

Water Refilling Management System

Conceptual frameworkThe Conceptual framework shows the inputs and processes on how the customer and the management works within the system. insert refers to the data inputted by the customer and management. The data to be input first by the management are the customer and container informations. The customer information contains id, name, address, get to number, type, cash balance, container balance and description of a customer, while the container information contains id, type, total count, unit price and description of a container. The system provides each the customer and container id automatically. node and container information are required to be in the system first to process achievements.There are four types of transaction, namely purchase order, delivery, payment and container return. Each of this transaction consists of required information referred in the table below. The customer id, name, type, cash balance, container balances, container type unit price of the specif ic customer and product are gathered by the system automatically.Table 1.1 Transaction information Purchase order Delivery Payment Container return guest id Customer name Customer type Container types Unit prices Container bring in ids (optional) Container count integral amount Comment Customer id Customer name Customer type Container types Unit prices Container tracking ids (optional) Container count Total amount Mode of payment Comment Customer id Customer name Customer cash balance Payment amount Comment Customer id Customer name Customer Container balances Container types Return count CommentLevel 0.

Dear Junior Admin Essay

There are several things to check and several things that could be wrong. I would start by making reliable that you have your ranges of IP addresses right and that you didnt mistype any numbers.Check your exclusions and be sure that your new ranges dont fall in between the overaged ranges that were there before if you had any for the last set.You can also check the workstations that didnt take the changes individually. Be sure that they dont have atmospherics IP address set for those computers. If they do, then change them to dynamic and restart the computers. If they have the dynamic bullet check then open up a command prompt and ping the server. If you get no response use the ipconfig commands. Release the IP addresses with the IP release command and then use the ip renew command.If the workstations still do not work after causeing the previous suggestions you can always assign your workstations using static IP addressing. It forget be time consuming but with only twenty five workstations it shouldnt be too overwhelming.If the first suggestions do not work and you only when dont want to do all the work of using static ip addresses then you can always start over and try putting in the new configurations again. The second time around be sure to restart your server and restart all of your workstations so the new changes get out take effect. You may have to do it at a time when the company can afford the network to be all the way cut out for a few hours.

You Too Can Have a Healthy Skeletal System

You too can have a sizable pinched system, even in old age Announcer I Just came from the doctor and I am definitely going to start hiking once a week, and am going to bump up my exercise routine to three times a week. I also need to get to the grocery store to bargain for some calcium-rich foods. piano tuner Personality You know, I am so sick of my doctor telling me what to eat and when to exercise. I am naturally in right-hand(a) shape and can eat whatever I want and still have a great physique.Announcer We both are getting up thither in age, and I hope you realize that It Is non serially what is on the outside, but what is happening on the inside that matters when it comes to arthritis, osteoporosis, and injuries from falls. Yes, the fact that you are able to have got a good weight Is a starting point, but I am sure that you have many other guess factors for all of these problems. Radio Personality What other risk factors could I possibly have? Announcer Well for starters your smoking Is a risk factor for osteoporosis and I am sure that it does not help your overall health In general.Both of our ages will always e a risk factor, and also your fast-food diet and alcohol consumption Is a risk factor for arthritis, osteoporosis, and Injuries from falls. Radio Personality What can I do? I think the damage may already have been done. Announcer You can begin by stopping the smoking and drinking alcohol on only special occasions. Exercise regularly, especially bone and muscle strengthening exercises, and eat a healthy diet that Is rich In calcium and Valetta D. Have regular eye check-ups and carefully look at the side-effects of any medications you may be taking.

Goody Proctor Essay

He asked the wonder in such surprise and disgust, the generator has been very extreme in objet darty every day situations that we would think ordinary, another mannequin is, Martha my wife. I take away waked at night many a condemnation and found her in a corner, reading a book. Now what do you make of that this tells us how the bulk of capital of Oregon cry witchcraft at any boobgle different, that something so ordinary to us may be deemed corruptive to another. Arthur Miller pictures us how different at that place morals lie and this in turn contri scarcees to our understanding of how Abigail lets things coil so far out of control.When unfeignedizing the cultural difference and conversely the vast mistakableities that, though sometimes unnoticed, effect some(prenominal) the McCarthy campaigns and correspondingly us today it makes the reader draw detections from there own lives and feel empathy for the characters and there unfortunate circumstances. The puritan rule s add to the hysteria, as it makes simple life choices so gamblingtic, Marriage is a main(prenominal) pillar of the puritan lifestyle an physical exertion of how marriage becomes more imperative is shows this is the take in goody this is the name given to puritans who are married.This shows us that to puritans class married women above others. In puritan realign one is not considered an adult until they are married, this also puts pressure on children to find a husband, this status is shown in an argument between john Procter and Marry Warren Ill whip the fanatic out of you go to bed -Ill not be ordered to bed any more, Mr. Procter I am xviii and a woman, however single. Marry Warren is generally a timid charter but she wants to be classed as a women despite the fact she is not married and because of that she is forced to speak out.This repeat shows that a The whole of the puritan lifestyle in focused on marriage and church building service, both of which Abigail is manipu late with, and to understand part of the reason as to why the people of Salem were so distort all over whelmed and bewildered at how to cope with the accusation of witchcraft is that puritan people live a provide life restricted by the enforcers of there realign. An example of this is uncle we did danceIll be whipped if I moldiness to our modern day society and people in the 1950s this would seem outrageous and over exclude that they want to control your life, but author miller is drawing links between capitalism and Puritanism, both trying to control peoples idea and way of life. It proves that the majority of people believe in what there told by there elected authority, capitalists say communism is bad they then go round destroying the lifes of those who challenge them.In Salem they say all you must have in your life is church and marriage people that try a devoid from their rules e. g.supposed whichs, were prosecuted and eventually killed. But there comes a point where a perso n must stand up for what is clearly and ethically wrong, in the McCarthy trial it was Arthur miller through writing this play, and in Slam it was john Procter, the protagonist in this tragedy, the main character, author millers own creation. The author perceptively wrote Abigails fictional self based on that of a real person, whose identity adds to the depth of the character a young girl named Abigail Williams, aged 10 in the McCarthy trials was Arthur Millers entry for the fictional character that was later formed.At first the most noticeable feature is there difference in age however when disembodied spiriting at the fictional Abigail Williams immaturity insinuates this make them more similar than first perceived this is shown in the extract with a flash of anger How do you call me child this shows her preposterous unstable emotions and insecurities and as a result her actions make her seemingly more dim-witted as she seems to be oblivious to the damage she causes throughout Salem.This is also displayed in the way she talks to her friends an example is in the iterate I say shut it, Marry Warren this demonstrate how immaturely and impatiently she deals with people. Another example is though the way she talks to the reverend about others Its a bitter woman, a lying, polar sniveling woman Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar she is lecture to her uncle a senior(a) and supposedly respected family member refer more a man of highest authority within Salem. except despite this fact she is still rude, unforgiving and disrespectful whilst in the presence of a man of the church Abigail doesnt refer to her as a person with feelings rather uses the words, its and woman. Moreover she uses lying, cold and sniveling, one-third descriptive words to emphasize her point, this repetitive technique is a demonstration of how grammar and techniques like this contribute to her subtile yet calculated persuasion.Finally even the grand judge of the court Danforth, if you ma ke me answer that oppugn I shall leave and never come back this show that even when the truth is shown she is so strong- judgmented that she will deny it until she is blue in face, even when she is about to be proved wrong she stands her principle as she cannot handle anyone challenging her self authority like a child having a irritability tantrum. Abigail is determined in her will to acquire john Procter so much so she comes across as spoilt and stubborn.This is shown in the retell you sexual jazz me John Procter an what ever sin it is you love me yet This childlike character trait is very important as her stubborn and irrational ideas are what drive her to pass accusing witches. Abigails sharp mind helps her convincing overpower the people around her. The other girls look up to Abby, she is always sure in herself insert quote this makes them idolize her and consequently this prompts the girls do what she wants, an example of this is said by one of the girls Marry Warren w hatll we do?The whole countrys talking witchcraft Theyll be calling us witches Abby this show that they confide an trust her, she uses Abigail informal name Abby this extract she sees Abigail as a friend, this is supported as they turn to her for advice as she seems more mature, but her scheming mind uses this admiration to force them to do as she demands. Her controlling nature is also apparent in the quote Betty? Now Betty dear wake up now. Its Abigail. Ill beat you Betty My you seem to be up(p) shes uses a rage of different devices to suit the tar view audience, in this case Betty is a undersize child, and so she plays on her dependence on Abigail, by instilling fear this is make through using changes in approach such as variations of tone at first dreary then angry and then comforting, she even resorts to threats till she gets her to talk, she takes the audience through emotional ride with unhoped-for twists this makes her good not just as a fascinating character but as a device on stage. Secondly innocent people within the village, I wrote in his book I go back to Jesus I kiss his hand.I saw Sarah good with e the devil I saw goody Osborn with the devil I saw Bridget bishop with the devil this also shows she has no sorrow as she continually accuses and as a results has them killed. Thirdly Abigail is clever this adds to her manipulation she works out how to get around people, a quote which shows this is, we danced that is all breathe a word about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and however although Abigail sees her self in a higher status to the other girls and as such comfortable in making them run through weakness so they feel reliance upon her.Arthur miller wrote the Crucible as a Tragedy this adds to the drama created by the charters, as we know they are destined for a disastrous and untimely end. The author has include typical themes used in a tragedy. Firstly he is describing the downfall of a gre at man in this case john Procter. What makes him grate is that he is the only person that sees through the high courts for what they real are however he gave in to temptation insert quote about john quiescence with Abigail this quote tells us his hubris, his weakness it was that he lusted after Abigail and committed adultery.She is his weakness an as such is a hamartia, the person that causes the downfall of the protagonist. Abigails importance as a hamartia is so vital to the play, so much if she hadnt of slept with john, the chain of events that led to his death and the many others in the witch trials, wouldnt have happened. Consequently its Abigails lust for john that causes her to go to the woods, that starts the witchcraft suspicions that Abigail uses to her vindictive advantage. The start of the Salem witch trial was initiation by Abigail Williams, with the soul purpose of accusing Elizabeth and gets her killed.She did this because she is assumed with love for john and wants to believe her feelings arent unrequited, give me a word, john. A soft word. (Her concentrated smile and desire destroys his smile) the recall of the affair makes john uncomfortable and unhappy, this shows that where as Abigail is still hopeful, shown through concentrated desire those words show us how unrelenting her love is, she is desperately searching for some reassurance that her feelings are not unrequited.However Abigail says you love me, john proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet this shows us how insecure she is, that she tries to convince someone to love her, and by saying it out loud shes almost trying to convince herself. This unrequited love makes us feel sorry for Abigail as shes desperately trying to make excuses for him. In his quote she says loving her is a sin, this is an important in the puritan lives, as they are meant live for god. If she is a sin it is understandable that he does not show his feelings for her.

Pricing Strategy of Alitalia Airline Essay

wrong is precise(prenominal) important to the seller of any good or service who wants to make a profit. This is out-of-pocket to the reason that most consumers first look at the price, before considering whether or not to buy a good or service. The sellers fall in to be very(prenominal) c atomic number 18ful when setting price, so that the good or service does not appear to be very expensive, since this will discourage the potential clients from purchasing them (Schade and Schlag 2002 43-52), (McGrath 2000 37-43). On the other hand, if the good or service appears to be too cheap, the clients will be suspicious of it. in that location are many strategies that are used by sellers in set their goods or services. These include expiry leader, price discrimination, cost plus, pe terminalration, limit, predatory, premium, creaming, marginal cost, target pricing among others (Yates 2003 22-29), (Nagle and Holden 2002 26-37). This paper will analyse Alitalias problems regarding prici ng, among other factors. Introduction Alitalia is an Italian flight path that began operation in 1947, and transports cargo and passengers in several destinations throughout the world. This airway business serves twenty five Italian airports, forty five airports in North Africa, Europe and Middle East. fit to Iatrou and Oretti (2007 23-28) and Hanlon (2007 26-28), it is one of the portions of SkyTeam, an airline alliance that includes such major(ip) airlines as AeroMexico, Aeroflot, China Southern, Air France and others. Last year, the airline transported over 24 million passengers which represented an increase of 1. 5% from the previous year. Nature of Alitalias problems Alitalia has experient financial difficulties over the years, which are mostly attri scarceed to problems with crew members and pilots, political interference by the government and crusade difficulties.There expect been many allegations of mismanagement and misappropriation of cash. Strikes by workers on sev eral occasions have led to flight cancellations which hike discourage customers from using the airline. jibe to Doganis 2006 (34-39), the government uses the airline to reward its cronies, save fostering its mismanagement. In terms of pricing, Alitalia is get the pictured by many passengers to charge very high prices which are not reflected by the service it offers. The airlines customer service, among other departments is withal not very effective, and many passengers have complained that the services offered are below standard.This makes customers move to other airlines whose prices reflect the services offered. According to Morrell (2007 56-67), another problem that the airline faces is bureaucracy, and this causes delay in making crucial decisions. Bureaucracy also leads to inefficiency, since on that point is duplication of efforts (Wilson and Gilligan 2005 22-29). Finally, the airline also lacks a clear leadership construction since most CEOs are changed very frequently , which hampers continuity. These factors have combined to discourage potential clients from using this airline. The end result is that the airline has suffered losings for very many years.In fact, since Alitalia began trading operations in 1947, it provided made profit in one year, 1998 (Jarach 2005 44-46). The net losses that Alitalia has experienced over the last decade amount to 3. 7 billion Euro. Government and underground sector attempts to help this airline has bore no fruits yet. The airline has such major financial difficulties that pedigree exchange regulators in Italy requires it to file its debts, each month in order to monitor them. In 2006, Keegan and Schlegelmilch (2001 55-61) supply that, EU forbade the Italian government from injecting further capital, leading to its sale.Alitalia had a plan of filing for bankruptcy and then protecting itself from creditors. The second part was splitting the airline into the profitable and non profitable part and subsequently liquidating the latter. similitude between edicts and Alitalias problems and strategies. FIAT and Alitalia both experienced similar problems, not only in pricing but in mismanagement. According to Laux 1999 (33-38), FIAT began operations in 1899 and dealt with construction and unpolished equipment, commercial vehicles, aviation, natural gas and power distribution among other operations.It was however not doing well financially, with losses accumulating gradually each year. In 2002, the financial problems became clear after it was announced that the company had losses amounting to $1. 2 billion. General motors was a minor shareholder in FIAT, but did not see it fit to further invest in this company in order to help it overcome these financial difficulties. According to Simonis and Garwood (2004 44-46), FIATs financial difficulties were reduced with the entry of Sergio Marchionne as the CEO. He made radical changes that streamlined operations in the company an improved efficiency.H e also integrated an innovation facility specialising in innovating transmissions and engines, which was know as Powertrain technologies. The CEO also ensured that the joint venture with General Motors was terminated since he perceived it to bar the development of FIAT. He also strengthened the governance structure and introduced non executive and independent directors. Alitalia, as discussed above can use FIATs solutions the subversive strategy, not only in pricing but in overhauling the entire organisational structure. Other strategies available.Alitalia has very limited choice of strategies, since its problems go beyond pricing (Baker 2002 17-19). all other strategies used, that do not include the revolutionary strategy that overhauls the whole organisation, are not apparent to increase the companys profitability. This is due to the reason that the major problem for the airline lies in the organisational structure and mismanagement. Revolutionary pricing strategy. I would hi ghly recommend a revolutionary strategy, not only in pricing, but the overall organisational structure, in solving Alitalias problems.This is due to the reason that most of the strategies that have been previously used have not been successful. In choosing a pricing strategy, I would recommend the penetration pricing strategy, which uses low prices to establish a grip on the market. The airline would then break loyalty that customers have on other airlines, and attract them. This should however be done after re-branding the airline, so that customers may perceive it to have changed for the better. In my opinion, pricing is not the major factor that caused Alitalias problems Government interference did, as seen above.The government of Italy kept on pumping capital to the airline until the EU forbade it. It does not make sense to make on pumping money into an organisation that is inefficient, since the money will just be wasted. Alitalia needs a revolutionary leader such as FIATs CE O, Sergio Marchionne who made changes across the organisational structure of FIAT. He also cut the company free from the joint venture with general Motors in order to create path for FIAT to grow. The CEO of Alitalia should do the likewise, and free the airline from interference by the government so that there is room for the airline to grow and develop.He or she should overhaul the current organisational structure since that is where the problem is. He or she should then hire open minded, focused, competent and independent managers who will guide the airline towards prosperity (Pollack 2007 44-48), (Rhonda 2003 66-75). Other strategies. Organisational changes cannot take place under the current circumstances since the airline has already lost grace of God and reputation from its clients. The airline should be re-branded and a new vision which reflects the current goals and objectives should be set by the management (Buss 2006 12-14), (Steward 1999 44-49).The airline should als o take advantage of the airline alliance that it is part of. It should utilise the goodwill of the other bigger airlines such as AeroMexico and use code sharing as a promoter of marketing its flights. It can also reduce several costs due to sharing resources with the other member airlines. Such resources include spare parts, personnel, administration buildings and others (Lu 2003 55-59). This will reduce the amount of expenditure that it incurs, which is crucial in attaining profits. Conclusion and recommendation. FIAT and Alitalia both faced similar problems that went beyond pricing.In my opinion, pricing is not the major contributor for the decline of Alitalia. Government interference, mismanagement, bureaucracy and poor service, in my opinion are the main contributors to the airlines downfall. The airline needs to adopt a revolutionary strategy in the entire organisation, like FIAT did. It also needs to free itself from government interference and re-brand in order to market it self as a new product. After doing this, I would recommend penetration pricing strategy as a means of attracting customers from the other airlines. The airline

World War I and the War in Iraq

World contend I was the great armed conflict of 1914-18. Until World contend II, it was often called the Great struggle because it was the more or less destructive and widespread war the world had ever seen. Wold War I began as a local conflict over a minor issue. Eventually it engulfed much of Europe and drew in, directly or indirectly, the entire major powers of the world. The first declaration of war was made by Austria-Hungary against Serbia (now part of Yugoslavia) on July 28, 1914. earlier the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, 28 nations (counting the British Empire as one nation) were directly industrious in the conflict (Roth, pp. 216-218/ 2003). On one side were France, Belgium, the British Empire, Russia, and Serbia and, later, Japan, Italy, the United States, and 16 other countries. They were called the assort and Associated Powers, or the Allies. The opposing side consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey, and Bulgaria. They were k nown as the Central Powers.After the war, at that place were reduced to small separate states and Czechoslovakia was created from Austro-Hungarian territory in Central Europe. The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (which became Yugoslavia in 1929) was established, comprising Austro-Hungarian lands in the Balkans and the kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro. Poland, which had been partitioned among the Germans, Austrians, and Russians in the 18th century, was re-established along its historical borders (Brook-Shepard, pp. 64-67/ 2002). Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were freed from Russian domination.In the Middle East, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Hejaz, (a territory within modern Saudi Arabia), Transjordan (modern Jordan), and Palestine were carved out of the Ottoman Empire. Frances quick defeat in World War II has been attributed, at least in part, to the devastation it suffered in World War I. The vast clay of overseas holdings of Great Britain began to change f rom an empire to a commonwealth. The war was at least partly trusty for the success of the Russian revolution and the rise of Communism.The United States, after the war, its first experience of being mired in European affairs, declined to take a role as a world leader and retreat into isolationism, refusing to join the compact of Nations (Robbins, pp. 161-164/ 2004). Many people thought of World War I as the war to end all wars, fought to make the world safe for democracy. Because of an overly harsh peace treaty, the weakness of the League of Nations, a worldwide economic depression, and the rise of fascism, the war had the opposite effect.It made the Second World War almost inevitable. About four years ago, on the 20th of March 2003, a multinational legions force marched in to Iraq. More than 40 countries joined in together to form a unification force, with the US providing the most number of invading forces to oust Saddam Husseins regime. Amidst protests and anti-war campai gns around the world, the partnership force led by the United States and United Kingdom plunged in to the Iraq War. Official statements mete outn by U. S. President George W. Bushs administration, as to the reasons for the invasion, were primarily to remove Iraqs alleged production and accumulation of weapons of mass destruction stop Saddam Husseins support on terrorist activities give license to the Iraki people from Saddams reign of terror (President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom)Due to the unpopularity of the governments decision and the subsequent turn of events, the public continuous to give other speculations as to why the invasion had to be done. In U. K. initial public support was generally based on the issue that Britain had a moral case to uphold in behalf of other nations ( deterrent example Case for Iraq War, Key to Initial UK Support). But those that consider the possible long-term damage concerning their farmings welfare believed the need to refrain from getting involved that it might eventually en risk of exposure civilian lives in case of retaliation by terrorist groups, and the economic cost of war. After the military attack on Iraqi soil, evidence to support the Bush governments justification for the invasion was still lacking, insufficient, and vague.Had the purported danger been present, it would not have taken only 21 days to topple down Saddams government with minimal loss on the coalitions forces. Saddams Soviet-built armaments were ill-equipped and no match for the invading forces, disproving the US claim. For most, it did succeed to eliminate Saddam, but nevertheless, failed to eliminate the problem in Iraq or helped the plight of the Iraqis, who now have to contend with not one but many oppressive guerilla-group factions that turn in to rule in Iraq.

Types of Reinforcement

People hand over been exploitation the theory of reinforcement even though they have not properly studied this theoretical concept. They have been employing this theory to strengthen the reply for a particular stimulus or environmental event (Huitt and Hummel). advantage theory generally states that the frequency of eliciting the same response entrust likely increase if it is followed by a reinforcer. The probability of repeating the same way in the future is dependent on what occurs after the somebody engages in that behavior (Malala, et al. ). There be four types of reinforcement.Each type of reinforcement is distinguished by the miscellanea of stimulus presented after the response. In affirmative reinforcement, for instance, a affirmatory stimulus is presented after a accepted response to increase the frequency of that response of behavior (Malala, et al. , Huitt and Hummel). The positive stimulus usually go ups in the trend of rewards. Positive reinforcement has been used in school settings to reinforce positive attitude towards studying. For example, academic awards such(prenominal) as medals and certificates are given to students who excel academically or in a certain theme such as sports.While the previous example used a tangible positive reinforcer, it could also be intangible. To cite an example, correspond to Kobus and her associates (48), the praise, support, and encouragement of teachers and significant others (e. g. , parents) motivate grade school students to work with child(p) and increase their self-efficacy (i. e, confidence in ones capability). Positive reinforcement has often been used by parents as well. They reward their children with a reinforcer such as money for their hard work in school or for cleaning their room.The concept has also been applied by companies for their employees. Salary increase and promotion, for example, are awarded to hardworking employees for their outstanding performance. On the other hand, in negat ive reinforcement, the reinforcer, which is something negative, is withdrawn after the response. Repetition of this phenomenon will increase the occurrence of the response. This is usually observed when a person wants to avoid the negative reinforcer (Huitt and Hummel). For instance, children come after the house rules so that their parents will not get mad at them.In this example, the negative reinforcer is the raise of the parents bit the response is the obedience of children. At work, employees meet their requirements and deadlines to avoid being reprimanded by their boss. Most throng think that negative reinforcement and punishment is the same, which is a misconception. While negative reinforcement elicits a positive response due to the removal of the negative reinforcer after the response, punishment lessens the frequency of a response or behavior by presenting a negative stimulus after the response (Huitt and Hummel).Punishment has been used at home, in school, and in the workplace. For example, at home, parents ground their children when they do not come home at the eon agreed. In school, punishment is imposed to discipline students. A simple example of this is reprimanding noisy students for disrupting the class. Punishment has been a system adopted in schools in the form of disciplinary policies where punishment for specific types of school offence are indicated (Gaustad 3). In the workplace, an example of punishment could be reducing the salary of employees when they do not storey to the office without filing a leave.As punishment, they will not be paid for the days they did not come to work. The fourth type of reinforcement is extinguishing. In extinction, the frequency of a response or behavior is weakened when the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is removed (Huitt and Hummel). To cite an example, in the field of psychology, extinction learning has been used in treating disorders such as anxiety disorder. The goal of the t reatment is to extinguish terror by teaching the patients that the stimulus they fear no longer results in harmful consequences (Anderson and Insel 319).For instance, the patient is expose to a previously feared event associated with an unpleasant outcome to get him or her accustomed to the event until he or she does not fear it anymore. Extinction can also occur in a merged setting. When a company stops giving bonuses to hardworking employees, they may lose motivation to work hard, resulting in a decline in productivity. Based on the examples stated earlier, it could be concluded that reinforcement affects the behavior of individuals, children and adults alike.Reinforcement can either increase or decrease the frequency of a certain behavior depending on the stimulus or reinforcer presented (or removed) after the behavior. Hence, it could be inferred that behavior can be modified according to the pleasantness of the reinforcement that can be experienced for doing a certain behavi or. For example, an individuals positive or desired behavior can be maintained with positive or negative reinforcements, while his negative or unwanted behaviors can be extinguished through punishment or extinction.